Chapter 6 Test

Question 1

habituation

Answer 1

learning not to respond to the repeated presence of a stimulus (constantly hearing sirens)

Question 2

operant conditioning

Answer 2

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 3

classical conditioning = isaac pavlov

Answer 3

Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus, when paired with a neutral reflex- producing stimulus will begin to produce a learned response, even when it is presented by itself

Question 4

conditioned response

Answer 4

the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

in Pavlov’s experiment, his dogs’ drool when the bell was rung

Question 5

conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

the originally neutral stimulus that gains the power to cause the response

in Pavlov’s experiment, the bell began to produce the same response that the food once did

Question 6

acquisition

Answer 6

the learning stage during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

during acquisition, a neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus

after several trials the neutral stimulus will gradually begin to elicit the same response as the UCS

Question 7

higher order conditioning

Answer 7

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

Question 8

difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus…

Question 9

when does extinction occur

Answer 9

when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

the ability to distinguish between two similar signals stimulus

a bell ending class vs. the fire alarm

door bell vs. fire alarm

Question 11

the relationship of cognitive processes in classical conditioning

Question 12

learned helplessness

Answer 12

after repeat failure in something, people will give up → become helpless

Question 13

rats and radiation treatments

Question 14

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 14

looking at biological, psychological, and social circumstances that lead to a person’s behavior

Question 15

Why was Pavlov’s research so important?

and the next five after this

Question 16

what is a skinner’s box

Answer 16

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.

Question 17

the relationship between positive and negative reinforcers and their impact on operant response

Answer 17

both are used to encourage the continuance of a behavior, but positive reinforcers do so by adding a desirable experience/event while negative reinforcers take it away

Question 18

negative reinforcers

Question 19

apply negative reinforcement

Question 20

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 20

paired with a primary reinforcer to fulfill a need (e.g. money which buys food which fulfills hunger)

Question 21

primary reinforcers

Answer 21

fulfill biological need: food, warmth, shelter, etc.

Question 22

immediate reinforcement

Answer 22

reinforcing behavior immediately after it is done correctly

Question 23

fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 23

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 24

variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 24

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 25

fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 25

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Question 26

the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment

Answer 26

both take away a desirable event/item, but reinforcement is used to encourage the continuing of a behavior while punishment is to encourage the stopping of a behavior

Question 27

What techniques of reinforcement for child rearing do most psychologists favor?

Question 28

What is the relationship between latent learning and cognitive processes?

Answer 28

latent learning- learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it (taking tests)

Question 29

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 29

intrinsic: doing something because it’s the right thing to do
extrinsic: doing something in fear of punishment or for a reward

Question 30

Define biological predispositions and apply to training

Answer 30

when a subject (human, animal, plant) possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition.

i.e. when training animals

Question 31

instinctive drift

Answer 31

the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response.

Question 32

What according to Skinner controls human behavior?

Answer 32

environment

Question 33

how did skinner explain prosocial behavior

Answer 33

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

Question 34

criticisms of skinner

Answer 34

not enough focus on cognitive functions/abilities

Question 35

biofeedback

Answer 35

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

Question 36

observational learning

Answer 36

learning by observing others. Also called social learning.

Question 37

modeling

Answer 37

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Question 38

mirror neurons

Answer 38

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.