Chapter 11 Test Flashcards
reification and abstract concepts
Reification- generally refers to making something real, bringing something into being, or making something concrete.
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
Work/beliefs of Charles Spearman (G-factor)
The g refers to broad reasoning and problem-solving abilities.
Those who hold this view believe that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score.
Gardner’s multiple intelligences and savants
Linguistic intelligence (“word smart”): (poets, authors, playwrights)
Logical-mathematical intelligence (“number/reasoning smart”): (Einstein, Newton)
Spatial intelligence (“picture smart”): (Picasso, Monet)
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence (“body smart”): (Kieser, Michael Phelps)
Musical intelligence (“music smart”): (Bach, Justin Bieber lol jk)
Interpersonal intelligence (“people smart”): (Gandhi)
Intrapersonal intelligence (“self smart”): (Freud and other freaks)
savant syndrome
person with an intellectual disability but has mastery skill in one particular field
specific skill
sternberg’s practical intelligence
ability to perform everyday tasks; one can be academically intelligent but have poor practical intelligence
executives who score high on practical intelligence tests tend to make more $$ and have high performance
Components of emotional intelligence/criticisms of emotional intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
should NOT be generalized to include self-esteem or optimism
argued that it stretches intelligence too far
“Stretch intelligence to include everything and it will lose its meaning.”
Brain size correlations and intelligence scores
modest correlation (.33)
size of einstein’s brain
Einstein had a rather unique prefrontal cortex. His inferior portions of the primary somatosensory and motor cortices were significantly expanded in his left hemisphere. Einstein’s corpus callosum was thicker in the vast majority of subregions than the corresponding sections in the two controls.——-> more connections
gray matter and higher intelligence
more gray matter generally correlates to higher intelligence
?? intelligence and information processing - tested?
sure it was
purpose behind binet’s test
to provide an objective standard for predicting children’s academic achievement
mental age - binet
level of performance typically associated with certain chronological age
calculating mental age
series of reasoning and problem-solving questions that are standardized (e.g. if most 8 year olds score similarly, that score corresponds to a mental age of 8)
binet and eugenics
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who invented the first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum.
Eugenics- the social movement claiming to improve the genetic features of human populations through selective breeding and sterilization
what kind of test would a driver’s licence exam be
aptitude
aptitude test
predict ability to learn a new particular skill
achievement test
reflect what you have learned
wais test
most widely used intelligence test
comprised of 11 subtests
separates scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed
makes the difference between WAIS and Stanford-Binet
allows researchers to determine cognitive strengths and weaknesses
standardized tests - characteristics
Standardization- process of defining score relative to a pretested group
what do normal curves represent
the probability that an individual’s score lies within a certain range (more likely to be closer to the mean
flynn effect
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day.
test reliability
A measure of consistency for tests and other instruments. Individuals are asked to take the test of interest and then take the same test again at a later date. The scores are then compared. The closer the scores are, the more reliable the test.
test validity
Test validity helps ensure that a test is in accordance with certain professional standards to measure what it is supposed to measure. In other words, it tells us how much a test measures what it is supposed to be measuring.
aptitude tests and student age
There is a relatively restricted range of aptitude test scores among students at higher educational levels.
validity of aptitude tests and age
the predictive power of aptitude tests is fairly strong in the early school years, but later it weakens.
academic aptitude tests
measures of infant intelligence
standard intelligence tests and casual observations
not especially accurate for newborns-3 year-olds
intelligence testing and life span
people who score higher on intelligence tests tend to live longer
criticism of programs for gifted children
adopted children’s intelligence scores
if a children has been neglected or abused, his/her intelligence scores generally increase upon adoption (that is, nature < nurture)
over time, however, an adopted person’s intelligence score has little to no correlation with his/her adoptive family (nature > nurture)
nature/nurture and intelligence scores
generally speaking, nature has a greater effect on intelligence scores
identical twins typically have the same/similar scores
adopted children have scores more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive
heritability of intelligence
heritability is responsible for about 50% of variation in intelligence
intelligence is usually a combination of gene and environment; depends on the individual
intelletual development and deprivation
deprivation limits intellectual development to an extreme extent
male/female differences in mental abilities
women score higher in spelling, verbal fluency, nonverbal memory, sensation, emotion-detecting ability, and math computation
men score higher in math problem solving, spatial ability, verbal analogies, and risk-taking
men also experience greater variability in scoring
white/black differences in aptitude scores
average for whites is 100, blacks is 85
could be because of socioeconomics, stereotypes
stereotype threat example
This “threat” occurs when a female math student is taking a difficult math test, and the challenges she experiences with it bring to her mind negative stereotypes about female math ability.
predictive validity examples
weight vs. success of football linemen
