Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What influences policy makers? List.
A
Laws
Regulations
Policies
2
Q
Community:
A group of ____ located in a particular ____ who have shared _____ and ___ within a ____ ____.
A
people space values interact social system
3
Q
Parts of community: \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ in \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ interaction shared \_\_\_
A
People
Location in space
Social interaction
Shared values
4
Q
Community Nutrition/Public Health Nutrition:
-_____ that strives to prevent _____ and to improve the ____, ____, and ___-___ of individuals and groups within _____.
A
Discipline diseases health nutrition well-being communities
5
Q
People:
-Those who are ____ by and ____ from _____ ____ programs
A
served
benefit
community
nutrition
6
Q
Policy:
Course of ____ chosen by ____ ____ to ____ a ___ ____.
A
action public authorities address problem
7
Q
Policy:
-What _____ and _____ intend to accomplish through their ___, ____, and ____.
A
governments
organizations
laws, regulations, and programs
8
Q
Nutrition Policy:
-The _____ ____ for ____ are the cornerstone of Federal nutrition policy and ___ _____ activities.
A
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
nutrition education
9
Q
Nutrition Policy: Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Issued and updated every ____ years by the ____ of ____ (____) and the ___ of ____ and ___ ____. (___).
A
5
Department of Agriculture USDA
Department of Health and Human Services
10
Q
Dietary Guidelines for Americans:
Intended for Americans ages __ years and over, including those at increased ___ of ____ ____.
A
2
risk of chronic disease
11
Q
Dietary Guidelines for Americans:
The Guidelines are focused on ____ and _____ that help achieve and maintain a
healthy ____, promote ____, and prevent ____.
A
foods beverages weight health disease
12
Q
Dietary Guidelines for Americans:
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the ___ edition released since ___ and remain the current edition until the ___ Dietary Guidelines for Americans are released.
A
7th
1980
2015
13
Q
Myplate:
MyPlate is a ___ used to ___ the ___ ___.
A
tool
interpret
Dietary Guidelines
14
Q
Myplate goals:
- Build a ____ ____.
- Cut back on foods high in ___ ___, added ___, and ___
- Eat the right amount of _____ for ___
- Be ____ ____ your way
A
healthy plate solid fats sugars salt calories you physically active
15
Q
Programs:
Instruments used by ___ ____ to seek ___ ____ that improve ____ ____ and ___.
A
community nutritionists
behavior changes
nutritional status
health
16
Q
Public Health:
Organized effort by ____ to:
____ ,____, ___ the ____ of people through the application of ____, ___ ____, and ___ ___.
A
society protect, promote restore health science practical skills collective action
17
Q
Promote Health:
WHO definition of health
“state of complete ____, ____, and ___ well-being, not merely the ___ of ___”
A
physical, mental, and social
absence
disease
18
Q
Community Nutrition Practices:
For the purposes of this class ___ __ ___ is the same thing as community nutrition.
A
public health nutrition
19
Q
The Community Nutritionist:
Identifies the ___ of the ___ and puts into place a ___ or ___ designed to ___ that ____.
A
need community program service meet need
20
Q
Entrepreneurship: -\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_ The entrepreneur: -\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_\_ -\_\_\_ -\_\_\_ -\_\_\_
A
Creativity innovation Enterpriser Innovator Initiator Promoter Coordinator
21
Q
Entrepreneur:
One who ____ the risk of a ___ or ____
A
undertakes
risk
business
enterprise
22
Q
Leading Indicators of Change:
- An ___ population
- Generational ___
- Increasing demands for ____ and ___ ___ services
- Increased ___ diversity
- Challenges of the ___-___-___ lifestyle
- Increasing awareness of ___ ___ issues
- ___ ___ ___ for Public Health
A
aging diversity nutrition health care ethnic twenty-first-century environmental nutrition Global Environmental Challenges
23
Q
Community Needs Assessment: A process that:
- Evaluates the ___ and ___ status of the ___
- Determines the ___ of the community and -___ where needs are not being ___.
- Determines resources ___ to address community needs.
A
health nutritional community needs examines met available
24
Q
Additional Names for a Community Needs Assessment:
- Community ___ and ___.
- ___ ____ planning
- ____
A
analysis and diagnosis
health education planning
mapping
25
Why Conduct a Community Needs Assessment?
- Need for new ___ on a community’s ___ and ___ status
- Mandated by a ___ agency
- New ____ findings and ___ of a ___
- ___ available to ____ the community
```
data
health
nutritional
government
research
awareness
problem
money
examine
```
26
Steps in a Community Needs Assessment:
1. ___ the ____ problem
2. ___ the ____ of the _____
3. ___ the ____
4. ___ and ___ the ___
5. ___ the ___ of the ___
6. __ ___
7. ___ a __ of ___
```
Define, nutritional, problem
set, parameters, assessment
collect, data
analyze, interpret, data
share, findings, assessment
set priorities
choose, plan, action
```
27
Secondary data - data collected by ___ ___ and available in a database
Primary data – new data ___ collect ___
someone else
database
you yourself
28
Goals = broad ___ or ____that indicates what the ____ intends to ____.
statement or statements
assessment
accomplish
29
Objective = statements of ___ and ___ needed to reach a ___.
Each objective states a ___ ___.
Specify the types of ___ needed (depends upon the ___, ___, and ___)
```
outcomes
activities
goal
single purpose
data
purpose, goals & objectives
```
30
A community needs assessment should contains strong “____” verbs such as ___, ___, ___ (NOT ___ verbs such as ____, ____, etc.)
```
assessment
identify
describe
count
change
increase
improve
```
31
```
Step 3: Collect Data
Types of data:
1. Qualitative (____ and ____)
- Key ____
-_____
2. Quantitative
-____ data
```
___, ____, and ____ characteristics
```
opinions & insights
informants
stakeholders
numerical
Community, environmental, & socioeconomic
```
32
Incidence:
The ____ of new ___ during a ___ ___ period in a ___ ____.
number
cases
specific time
defined population
33
Prevalence:
The ___ of __ ___ of a ____ or other ___ in a ___ ___.
```
number
existing cases
disease
condition
given
population
```
34
Step 6: Set Priorities
- Who is to get ___ at ___ ____?
- Which ___ ____ is most important?
The health outcome is the __ of an ___ on the health and ___-____ of an individual or population.
```
what
whose
expense
health outcome
effect
intervention
health
well-being
```
35
Set priorities:
- _____ priorities, ____, and ___ should be given priority.
- Higher priority should be given to ___ ___ rather than __ ___.
- Higher priority should be given to ___ ___ rather than __ ___ ones
```
Community
preferences
concerns
common problems
rare ones
serious problems
less serious
```
36
Set priorities:
- The health problems of ___ and ___ that can easily be ____ should have a higher priority than those that are __ ___ to prevent.
- Higher priority should be given to health problems whose ____ are ____ over time than to those whose frequencies are ___ or remaining ____.
```
mothers and children
prevented
more
difficult
frequencies
increasing
declining
static
```
37
Types of Data to collect?
- Individual ___ ___
- ____ patterns
- ____ conditions
- ___ ____
lifestyle factors
dietary
working
social networks
38
Survey:
- A ____ study of a ___ ____ of individuals who represent the __ ___ (a sample)
- Can collect ___ or ____ information
- Administered as a ___ questionnaire or as a ___, ____ interview by ___, by ___, or __-__.
```
systematic
cross section
target population
quantitative or qualitative
paper
formal
structured
telephone, by mail, or on-line
```
39
Nutritional Survey:
- Must have a ___-___ purpose
- ___ for the ___.
- Should be ____ and __-___before use
- Administered in a structured manner using a ___ ___.
```
well-defined
Appropriate
sample
designed
pre-tested
standard protocol
```
40
Readability:
- ____ Readability Scale
- ____ Readability ___
SMOG
Word
scale
41
Administration of the Survey:
- Person or persons conducting the survey must be ___.
- Conducted using a ___ ___.
trained
| standard protocol
42
Screening:
An important ___ ___ activity designed to ___, ___, or ___ the ____ of a disease by ____ it as soon as possible
preventive health
reverse, retard, halt
progress
detecting
43
Screenings:
Settings:
- ___ practice
- ___ settings
Procedures
- ____
- ___
- ____
```
Clinical
Community
safe
simple
inexpensive
```
44
Focus Group Interviews:
- Brings together a group (typically __-__) to talk about ____, ____, ___, or ___ (lasts __-__ hours).
- Obtain ___ and ____, information about key ____, and ___.
- Conducted by a ___ ___
- Provide ___ ___.
```
5-12
concerns,
experiences
beliefs
problems
1-3
advice and insights
variables
opinions
trained moderator
qualitative data
```
45
Interview with Key Informants:
-Speak with people “__ __ __” about the target population or the community
in the know
46
Direct Assessment of Nutritional Health Status:
ABCD
- ____
- ___
- ___
- ___
Anthropometric
Biochemical
Clinical
Dietary
47
Anthropometric Measures:
- ___, ____, ___, __ ___
- BMI = ___ in __/___ in ___
height
weight
BMI
BMI percentile
weight kg/ht2
meters
48
Waist circumference (adults)
NHLBI recommendations for high risk
> ___ inches (> 102 cm) for men
> ___ inches (> 88 cm) for women
40
| 35
49
Biochemical or Laboratory Methods:
Identify individuals at risk for nutrient deficiencies
- Examine ___ ___ stores
- Examine level in ___ ___
- Measure ___-____ ____
```
risk
nutrient
deficiencies
reserve tissue
body fluids
nutrient-dependent enzymes
```
50
Clinical Methods:
1. ___ history
- ____
- ___ ___
2. ____ pressure
Medical
Symptoms
physical findings
blood
51
Dietary Methods:
- ___ history
- __-__ ___
- ____ record
- __ __ ___
- ___ ___ of food
- Remote ___ ___
```
Diet
24-hour recall
Diet
Food frequency questionnaire
Digital photography
food photography
```
52
Issues in Data Collection:
-____ issues
-____ issues
__>____ vs. ____
__>___ vs. ____
-____ issues
```
Practical
Scientific
Sensitivity
specificity
validity
reliability
Cultural
```
53
Cultural Issues:
1. ____:
- ___ System
- ___ ___
2. ____ and ___ Customs
- Typical ___
- ___ Customs
3. ____ Communication
- ___ contact
- __ of ___
```
Religion
Belief
food rituals
Greeting
social
etiquette social
Nonverbal
eye
tone
voice
```
54
Overview Program Planning:
- ____ an intervention
- ____ the intervention
Designing
| evaluating
55
What Triggers Program Change?
-Programs typically change after some ___ ___.
precipitating event
56
Mission Statement:
-A ___ statement or ___ of an organization’s ___ or _____ for ___.
```
broad
declaration
purpose
reason
being
```
57
Your organization’s mission statement should match the ___ of the ___ program
purpose
| educational
58
What is the Mission statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics?
“___ members to be the nation’s ___ and ___ leaders”
Empower
| food and nutrition
59
Mission Statement:
- ___: Spreading Ideas. (2 words)
- ___: To inspire and empower people affected by cancer. (8)
- The ___ ___ : Celebrating ___, Confronting Cruelty. (4)
- ___ ___ ___: To build healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. (10)
TED: ideas
Livestrong: cancer
Humane Society: animals,
American Heart Association
60
Well written objectives are SMART:
- ___
- ___
- ___
- ___
- __ ___
```
Specific
Measureable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
```
61
Types of Objectives:
- ____ (____ change) or
- ____ (__- term change in health status)
- ____
- ___
Impact, immediate
Outcome, long
Process
Structure
62
- Impact objectives are for more immediate change (increase ____)
- Outcome objectives are for __ in a ___ or ____ outcome
knowledge
changes,
health,
nutritional,
63
Process objectives: (intervention)
- ____ activities carried out by the __ ___and other ____ members in ____ the program
- Each of the ___ community nutritionists will conduct __ __-minute nutrition lectures per week over a ____-month period.(
```
Measurable
community
nutritionist
team
implementing
four
two
30
three
```
64
Structure objectives (intervention):
____ activities surrounding the ____, ___ patterns, ____ systems, use of the organization’s _____ and ____ of program activities.
-Each of the four community nutritionists will spend no more than __ hours preparing and no more than $__ on program materials for the __-month program.
```
Measurable
budget
staffing
management
resources
coordination
5
50$
3
```
65
Intervention Strategy:
A plan for achieving the programs ___ and ___.
```
-Who is the Target Group?
___, ___, or ___
-What is the level of ____?
Level 1: Build ____
Level 11: Change ___
Level 111: Create a ___ ____.
```
```
goals
objectives
individuals
communities
systems
```
intervention
awareness
lifestyle
supportive environment
66
Implementation is the set of ___ directed toward putting a ____ into ___.
It is the “___ phase.”
activities
program
effect
active
67
Why evaluate your program?
- To ____ the program
- To ____ the program or show ____.
- To ____ the program
improve
justify
accountability
document
68
Types of Evaluation?
- ____
- ___
- ___
- ___
- ____
- __ or ___
```
Formative
Process
Impact
Outcome
Structure
Fiscal or Efficiency
```
69
Formative Evaluation:
- Tests and assesses ___ of a program ___ it is ____ implemented
- Allows for ____ of the program before it is __ implemented.
```
elements
before
fully
modification
fully
```
70
Process Evaluation:
-Examines the program’s ___ or ___
Did the program accomplished the stated process objectives?
activities
| efforts
71
Impact Evaluation:
- Determine whether the program’s methods and activities resulted in the ___ ____ changes in the client.
- Focuses on the ____ ____ of a program’s success (beliefs, attitudes, decision-making skills, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and knowledge)
desired immediate
immediate
indicators
72
Outcome Evaluation (Summative evaluation)
-Examines a programs ___ in changing one or more aspects of the nutritional or health status of the target population
Did the program meet the stated outcome objectives?
effectiveness
73
Structure Evaluation:
-Examines the ____ and ____ ____ related to program ____ (___, ____, staff, facility and resources)
Did the program use the ____ properly as stated in the structure objectives?
```
personnel
environmental
factors
delivery
money, time,
resources
```
74
Fiscal or Efficiency Evaluation:
Determining a program’s benefits relative to its costs
- ___-___ analysis
- __-_____ analysis
benefits
costs
cost-benefit
cost-effectiveness
75
Cost-benefit Ratio:
For every $__ spent on the program $__ is saved in ___ ___ ___ yields a ratio of __:__
```
1
4
health
care cost
1:4
```
76
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis:
-Relates the ____ of reaching the program’s ___ to the ___ value of the resources going into the program (see Table 4-7)
effectiveness
goals
monetary
77
Epidemiology:
-Focuses on ___ problems of ____ rather than of ___.
health problems
populations
individuals
78
Epidemiology:
Highly regarded in ___-___ medicine for
-identifying risk factors for ___ and
determining ___ ___approaches to ___ ___.
evidence-based
disease
optimal treatment
clinical practice
79
“Epidemiology is the study of the ____ and ____ of health-related states and ___ in specified populations and the application of this study to the ____ of health problems”
distribution
determinants
events
control
80
Epidemiology:
____: who gets the disease, where it’s found, when did it occur, etc…
_____: ___ factors: age, sex, race, genetic makeup, physiological status, etc…
____ factors: living conditions, occupation, geographical location, lifestyle,
Distribution
Determinants
Host
Environmental
81
Determinants of disease:
1. ___ Factors: age, sex, race, genetic make up, nutrition status, and physiologic state
(determine an individuals ____ to disease)
2. ____ Factors: living condition, occupation, geographical location, lifestyle
(determine the ___ ___ to a specific ___)
```
host
susceptibility
Environmental
host's
exposure
agent
```
82
Epidemiology Concepts:
-How data about disease processes are ____ and ____.
-Rates and Risks:
___, ___ statistics, ___, __ ___, relative risk
```
obtained
analyzed
case
vital
risk
risk factor
```
83
Infant mortality rate: ___ of ___ deaths X ___ # of ___ births
number
infant
1000
live
84
Incidence and Prevalence:
Incidence: ____ of ___ cases of a disease during a ____ time period in a ___ population.
- Identify a group of ____ people who are initially ___ of ___.
- Examine them ___ over time to ___ new cases that develop
Prevalence: ___ of ____ cases of a disease or other condition in a ____ population
```
number,
new,
specific,
defined,
susceptible,
free,
disease,
periodically,
count,
number,
existing,
given,
```
85
Types of Epidemiologic Studies:
- ____ or _____
- __-____ or ____
- ___
- ___-___ ___
- ___ ___
```
Ecological or Correlational
Cross-Sectional or Prevalence
Cohort
Case-Control Studies
Controlled Trials
```
86
Correlational/Ecological Cross-sectional Studies:
- Best used to generate _____
- Does NOT show ___ and ____
- Provides ____ of the relationship or association between ____
- ____ study
```
hypothesis
cause and effect
evidence
variables
Descriptive
```
87
Cohort Study:
- A group of people ___ of ___ or condition is __ and ___.
- The cohort is followed through ___ to assess their later disease or ___ status
- The possible ___ ___ under investigation is called the ___
- It is assumed that the cohorts are ____ in all relevant factors other than the ____
- ___ and ___ study
```
free
disease
identified
examined
time
outcome
causal factor
exposure
comparable
exposure
Prospective and analytical
```
88
Case-controlled Studies:
- Enrollment is based upon the ____ (case) or ____ (control) of disease
- Exposure status is assessed after __ ___ is known
- Comparison groups are formed on the basis of disease or outcome status, either with disease diagnosis (___) or without disease diagnosis (____)
- ___ and ___study
```
presence
absence
disease status
cases
controls
Retrospective and analytical
```
89
Experimental Studies/Controlled Trial:
- Most ____ evaluation of a research hypothesis
- Can demonstrate a ___ and ___.
- ___ and ____ study
rigorous
cause and effect
Analytical and experimental
90
Nutritional Epidemiology:
-Study food consumption at the ___, ___, or ____ level
national, household, or individual
91
What are some well known nutritional epidemiology studies?
- ____
- ___ ____ Study
- __ ___ Study
NHANES
Nurses’ Health
Bogalusa Heart
92
Community Nutritionist:
- Identify the ___ problem
- Interpret the ___ ____
nutritional
| scientific literature
93
Policy:
The course of ___ chosen by __ ___ to address a given problem
action
| public authorities
94
Purpose:
To fashion ____ for solving ____ problems
strategies
| public
95
Policy Making:
-Process by which ____ decide which ____ to take to address a problem or set of problems.
“If dietetics is your practice, politics is your business” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
authorities
| actions
96
Nutrition Policy:
- ___ ____ and ___ ___
- Supportive ___ ___
Scientific basis
program evaluation
policitical climate
97
Examples of Nutrition-Related Policy:
-___ ____ for ___ ___
-____ Policies Formulated by the US Congress
Federal ____, __, and ____ Act
Nutrition ___ and ____ Act
Dietary Supplement Health Education Act
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010
National
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Labeling and Education
98
Steps for Policy Making?
1. Define the _____ and set the ____
2. ____ ____ or policy formulation
3. ____ the policy
4. ____ the policy
5. ___ the policy
6. ____ the policy
```
problem
agenda
formulate
alternatives
formulation
adopt
implement
evaluate
terminate
```
99
People Who Make Policy:
-Everyone is involved in policy making but typically it is thought of as something accomplished by ___ ___.
-_____, executives, committees w/I an ____, ____, community _____..
(those working ____ with people)
```
elected officials
Administrators
executives
organization
bureaucrats
nutritionist
directly
```
100
Laws and Regulations:
- Laws tend to be ___ and __ in scope
- Administrative agencies interpret the ___ and provide detailed ___ or ___.
vague and broad
law
regulations
rules
101
Budget:
- Provided ___ to enforce the ___ and ___.
- Notes ___ and ____ and describes intentions for ____ spending intended to ___ and ___ activities of government agencies.
```
funds
laws
regulations
income and expenditure
future
control and shape
```
102
Mandatory spending:
| -____ = Programs that require the payment of benefits to all eligible people as established by law (i.e. ____)
Entitlements
| SNAP
103
Discretionary spending:
| -___ choices that can be made after money is ___ to the entitlement programs (i.e. ___)
Budget
allocated
WIC
104
Federal Budget Year:
- Begins ___ ___
- Ends ___ ___
- U.S. __ ___ is named for the year in which it ends
October 1st
September 30th
fiscal year
105
The Political Process:
| -Contacting your ___ or congresswomen (___
-Contacting your ___ member
___)
congressman
U.S.
legislature
Louisiana
106
Emerging Political Issues:
- ____ and ___ safety
- _____
bioterrorism food
| biotechnology
107
What are the National Nutrition Issues?
- ___
- ___
- ____
- ___ safety
- ___ labeling
- food _____
- ___ ____
```
Obesity
Hunger
Malnutrition
Food safety
Food labeling
Food fortification
Nutrition research
```
108
National Nutrition Policy:
-A set of ____ ____ that specify how the nutritional needs of the population will be __.
nationwide
guidelines
met
109
Who is Responsible for our National Nutrition Policy?
- There is no ___ ___ ___ office.
- Nutrition policy cuts across policy areas of
- ____
- __ ____
one Federal Nutrition
Agriculture
public health
110
Areas of Nutrition Policy:
- ___
- ___
- ____
Monitoring
Research
Policy Making
111
National Nutrition Monitoring:
1. Screening
- Identify individuals at ___
2. Assessment
- Measurement of ____ of dietary and nutrition-related health status
3. Monitoring
- Assessment of dietary or nutritional ___ at ____ times
4. Surveillance
- ____ ____ of nutritional assessment data, especially on ___-___ populations
```
risk
indicators
status
intermittent
Continuous
collection
high-risk
```
112
National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program (NNMRRP)
- Measures the ___ and ___ status, food ___, ___ knowledge, and __ about ___ and health of the U.S. population
- Measure ____ consumption and the ___ of the food supply
```
health and nutritional
consumption
dietary
attitude
diet
food
quality
```
113
Primary Federal Sponsors:
- ______________ (DHHS)
- _______________ (USDA)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
114
___ ___ ___ __ ____ (WWEIA)
What We Eat in America
115
Food, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences:
- __________________ (CNPP)
- ___________________ (FNS)
-Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP)
| Food and Nutrition Service
116
Food Safety:
-___________ (FSIS)
Food Safety and Inspection Service
117
Nutrient intake standards:
- _______ (DRIs)
- Dietary recommendations of other ___ and ____
Dietary Reference Intakes
| countries and groups
118
Dietary Guidance Systems:
- __ ____
- __ __ ___
Dietary Guidelines
| -MyPlate food plan
119
Dietary Reference Intakes:
- __________ (EAR)
- ___________ (RDA)
- __________ (AI)
- _____________ (EER)
- ________________(AMDR)
- _____________ (UL)
```
Estimated Average Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Adequate Intake
Estimated Energy Requirement
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
```
120
Nutrition Research:
- Studies __-__ relationships and the significance of knowledge and attitudes toward __ and ___ behavior
- Conducts ___ ___ ___ research
- Conducts ___ ___ ___
diet-health
dietary and health
national nutrition monitoring
food composition analysis
121
Health Policy:
- Disease prevention must become a ___ __.
- __ ___ for all citizens
national obsession
| Health care
122
The Health Care Industry:
___ insurance:
~ 65% of the nonelderly population (2008)
92% of private coverage through employers
____/___ ___ insurance
~27.8% of the population
Private
| government/public health
123
Effective Nutrition Intervention:
- Integrates good __ ___ and ___ ___.
- Considers the ___ ___ and ____ of the target population
- Includes methods promoting a ___ ___ of ___.
instructional design
learning principles
learning style and motivation
high degree of individualization
124
Child/Adolescent Learner:
- Keep you message ___, ___, and ___.
- Emphasize ___ points
short, clear, and simple
| positive
