Midterm 2 Chapter 14

Question 1

What is altruism

Answer 1

Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself

Question 2

any altruistic action has several motives in play, what are a few of thm

Answer 2

2 of these motives are selfish (egotistic) and one is more purely oriented towards unselfish behaviour

Question 3

what is social reward (selfish)

Answer 3

A benefit such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude that maybe gained from helping others and serves a motive for altruistic behaviour

Question 4

what is personal distress (selfish)

Answer 4

a motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distress

Question 5

what is empathic concern (unselfish)

Answer 5

Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person

Question 6

empathic concern and sympathy increase the likelihood that people will act altruistucly more than what

Answer 6

feelings of distress

Question 7

what is vlunteerism

Answer 7

Assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation

Question 8

What is bystander intervention

Answer 8

Assistance given by witness to someone in need

Question 9

What is diffusion of responsibility

Answer 9

Reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone involved in emergency or dangerous situation, based on the assumption that others who were present

people are less likely to help when others are around

Question 10

what victim characteristics encourage helping

Answer 10

if the victim has clear harm and need is unambiguous

Question 11

are people more likely to help people similar to them or different

Answer 11

similar

Question 12

a form of pluralistic ignorance occurs when what

Answer 12

When people are unsure about what is happening and assume nothing is wrong because no one else is responding or appears concerned

Question 13

how to combat pluralistic ignorance

Answer 13

Bystanders are less likely to fall prey to pluralistic ignorance when they can clearly see one another’s initial expressions of concern

Question 14

If you were brought up in a small rural town and currently live in a big city which setting is more likely to influence whether you will help someone in need

Answer 14

your current situation

Question 15

why are people less likely to help in urban areas

Answer 15

Because there is so much happening around people tends to shut down a little bit you’re more likely to encounter someone similar to yourself in a rural environment than in an urban environment

and more people are generally around to help in urban areas than rural ones

and in rural areas people are more likely to be observed and their reputation commented on than in urban settings

Question 16

Why do people with lower incomes donate more to charities than people with higher incomes

Answer 16

People in lower income situations can relate more to those who are in need

Question 17

Are religious people more inclined to help

Answer 17

people in a neutral prime condition were more than 2x as likely to give nothing to those in need compared to those in the religion prime condition

Question 18

How does evolutionary theory explain altruism when it is obviously costly

Answer 18

Kin selection and reciprocity

Question 19

what is kin selection

Answer 19

An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives even at the cost to one’s own survival and reproduction

Question 20

What is reciprocal altruism (relates to the reciprocity point)

Answer 20

Helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favour in the future

Question 21

do people shift from competition and aggression to cooperaion

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

what is the prisoner’s dillema

Answer 22

Situation involving playoffs to two people, must decide whether to cooperate or defect. In the end, trust and cooperation to higher joint payoffs and trust and defection

Question 23

does reputation impact if someone will cooperate (regarding the prisoners dilemma and life)

Answer 23

yes, people are more likely to do favours or cooperate when they know the other person has a good reputation than if they have a negative reputation

Question 24

define reputation

Answer 24

the collective beliefs, evaluations and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network

Question 25

wh do we gossip

Answer 25

One of the primary reasons is to figure out the reputations of other people, through gossip investigate whether other group members are inclined to act in ways that strengthen the group or in ways that might create friction and ill will

Question 26

is gossip good in the topic of cooperation

Answer 26

yes– expect groups in which gossip takes place to actually be more cooperative

The Groups as Members could gossip became more cooperative than the groups we’re not allowed to gossip. The threats of gossip makes people aware of what might happen to the reputation should choose to act selfishly and thus encouraging more cooperative behavior

Question 27

is interdependence good or bad for cooperativeness

Answer 27

Interdependence increases peoples corporation generosity with Anonymous others

Question 28

what is the tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 28

A strategy in The prisoners dilemma game in which the players first move is cooperative; therefore, the player mimics the other persons behavior, another cooperative or competitive. The strategy fares well when interacting with other strategies

Question 29

what are the 5 factors that make the tit for tat strategy compelling (in everyday relationships)

Answer 29

It is cooperative and thus encourages mutually supportive actions toward the shared goal
It is not envious; hey partner using this strategy can’t do extremely well without resorting to competitive behavior
It is not exploitable, meaning is not widely prosocial; if you defect on the tit for tat it will effect on you
It is forgiving; that is, it is willing to cooperate at the first cooperative action of the partner, even after long runs of defection and competition
it is easy to read; it should not take long for others to know that the tit for tat strategy is being played