Midterm 2 Chapter 14 Flashcards
What is altruism
Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for oneself
any altruistic action has several motives in play, what are a few of thm
2 of these motives are selfish (egotistic) and one is more purely oriented towards unselfish behaviour
what is social reward (selfish)
A benefit such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude that maybe gained from helping others and serves a motive for altruistic behaviour
what is personal distress (selfish)
a motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distress
what is empathic concern (unselfish)
Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person
empathic concern and sympathy increase the likelihood that people will act altruistucly more than what
feelings of distress
what is vlunteerism
Assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation
What is bystander intervention
Assistance given by witness to someone in need
What is diffusion of responsibility
Reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone involved in emergency or dangerous situation, based on the assumption that others who were present
people are less likely to help when others are around
what victim characteristics encourage helping
if the victim has clear harm and need is unambiguous
are people more likely to help people similar to them or different
similar
a form of pluralistic ignorance occurs when what
When people are unsure about what is happening and assume nothing is wrong because no one else is responding or appears concerned
how to combat pluralistic ignorance
Bystanders are less likely to fall prey to pluralistic ignorance when they can clearly see one another’s initial expressions of concern
If you were brought up in a small rural town and currently live in a big city which setting is more likely to influence whether you will help someone in need
your current situation
why are people less likely to help in urban areas
Because there is so much happening around people tends to shut down a little bit you’re more likely to encounter someone similar to yourself in a rural environment than in an urban environment
and more people are generally around to help in urban areas than rural ones
and in rural areas people are more likely to be observed and their reputation commented on than in urban settings
Why do people with lower incomes donate more to charities than people with higher incomes
People in lower income situations can relate more to those who are in need
Are religious people more inclined to help
people in a neutral prime condition were more than 2x as likely to give nothing to those in need compared to those in the religion prime condition
How does evolutionary theory explain altruism when it is obviously costly
Kin selection and reciprocity
what is kin selection
An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives even at the cost to one’s own survival and reproduction
What is reciprocal altruism (relates to the reciprocity point)
Helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favour in the future
do people shift from competition and aggression to cooperaion
yes
what is the prisoner’s dillema
Situation involving playoffs to two people, must decide whether to cooperate or defect. In the end, trust and cooperation to higher joint payoffs and trust and defection
does reputation impact if someone will cooperate (regarding the prisoners dilemma and life)
yes, people are more likely to do favours or cooperate when they know the other person has a good reputation than if they have a negative reputation
define reputation
the collective beliefs, evaluations and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network
wh do we gossip
One of the primary reasons is to figure out the reputations of other people, through gossip investigate whether other group members are inclined to act in ways that strengthen the group or in ways that might create friction and ill will
is gossip good in the topic of cooperation
yes– expect groups in which gossip takes place to actually be more cooperative
The Groups as Members could gossip became more cooperative than the groups we’re not allowed to gossip. The threats of gossip makes people aware of what might happen to the reputation should choose to act selfishly and thus encouraging more cooperative behavior
is interdependence good or bad for cooperativeness
Interdependence increases peoples corporation generosity with Anonymous others
what is the tit-for-tat strategy
A strategy in The prisoners dilemma game in which the players first move is cooperative; therefore, the player mimics the other persons behavior, another cooperative or competitive. The strategy fares well when interacting with other strategies
what are the 5 factors that make the tit for tat strategy compelling (in everyday relationships)
It is cooperative and thus encourages mutually supportive actions toward the shared goal
It is not envious; hey partner using this strategy can’t do extremely well without resorting to competitive behavior
It is not exploitable, meaning is not widely prosocial; if you defect on the tit for tat it will effect on you
It is forgiving; that is, it is willing to cooperate at the first cooperative action of the partner, even after long runs of defection and competition
it is easy to read; it should not take long for others to know that the tit for tat strategy is being played
