Chapter 4

Question 1

define the field of social cognition

Answer 1

The study of how people think about the social world and arrive judgements that help them interpret the past understand the president and predict the future

Question 2

Are the judgments that people make in a split-second different then the judgments they would make if they had A few seconds

Answer 2

The judgments are essentially the same

Question 3

are snap judgments accurate

Answer 3

not necessarily, a person may look more competent but in reality is not
However sometimes it is accurate but it is still unwise to make commitments or hire someone based off of that kernel of truth

Question 4

Why is some of the first-hand information we acquired people inaccurate

Answer 4

Because it is intended to be. Peoples behavior sometimes springs from my desire to create the impression that is not a true reflection of their beliefs or traits. The gap between inner reality and outer behavior can lead to predictable errors in judgment

Question 5

What is pluralistic ignorance

Answer 5

Misperceptions of the group norms that results from observing people who are acting out variations with their private police code of a concern for the social consequences; it was actions reinforce the erroneous Group Norm

Basically it is particularly common in situations where toughness is valued and people are afraid to show their kinder and gentler impulses

Question 6

Define the term self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

The tendency for people to act in ways that bring about very thing they expected to happen

Question 7

What is the problem with secondhand information

Answer 7

Because so many of our judgments are based on secondhand information these people who transmit information often have an ideological agenda which means I desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviors leaves them to accentuate some elements of the story and suppress others

Question 8

What is the distortions in the service of entertainment: overemphasis on bad news (in relation to misleading second hand info)

Answer 8

People tend to tell stories with The desire to entertaining meaning that the story will be altered

Question 9

What is the effects of the bad news bias

Answer 9

The bad news by asking people to believe them more at risk of victimization than they really are

This is because the most bad for violence news is the one that is shown more commonly than actually happens in real life

Question 10

Is how information is presented important

Answer 10

Absolutely

Question 11

What is order affects [ how information is presented]

Answer 11

How information is ordered Will determine how someone feels about it

Question 12

What is the primacy effect

Answer 12

A type of order affect; the disproportionate influence on judgments by information presented first in the body of evidence

Question 13

What is recency effect

Answer 13

A type of order effect: the disproportionate influence on judgment for information presented last in the body of evidence

Question 14

What is the framing effect

Answer 14

The influence on judgment resulting from the way information is presented, such as the order of presentation or the wording

Question 15

What is the general rule about the primacy effect

Answer 15

Promising effects most often occur when the information is ambiguous so that what comes first influences how the leader information is interpreted

Question 16

What is spin framing

Answer 16

The type of framing effect that especially politicians use it is basically the perspective of a topic that changes people’s opinions; for example freedom fighter versus terrorist

Question 17

What is positive and negative and framing

Answer 17

Only the focus is different it is every bit as valid to say that a piece of meat is 75% lean as it is to say to that it is 25% fat

Question 18

What is Temporel framing

Answer 18

Think about actions and events within a particular time perspective AKA a Temporal frame

Question 19

What is the construal level theory

Answer 19

A the relationship between psychological distance and abstract for concrete thinking Colin psychologically distant actions and events are thought about in abstract terms; actions and events that are close at hand or thought about in concrete terms

For example when an event is far away we think of it in and broad and abstract terms like exploring foreign lands however when the event is close at hand you think about it in near over and more concrete terms like packing

Question 20

What is the confirmation bias

Answer 20

The tendency to test a propositioned by searching for evidence that would support it

Question 21

what is the problem with the conformational Bias

Answer 21

This tendency to see confirming information can lead to all sorts of false evidence because a person can find evidence for almost anything

Question 22

What is bottom up processing

Answer 22

Data driven mental processing in which an individual form conclusions based on the stimuli encountered in the environment

Question 23

Define the term top-down processes

Answer 23

Fury driven mental processing in which an individual filters and interprets new information in light of pre-existing knowledge and expectations

Question 24

Do we perceive and understand the world in bottom-up processes or top-down processes

Answer 24

Both simultaneously

Question 25

What the 4 subparts of the influence of schemas

Answer 25

Attention, memory, construal, behavior

Question 26

What is attention in terms of the influence of schemas

Answer 26

attention is selective in a study some people did not even notice certain parts of a video where gorilla was because they didnt expect it

Question 27

What is memory in terms of the influence of schemas

Answer 27

Because scheme is influence attention he also influenced memory. We are most likely to member stimuli that captured our attention. The influence of schemas are memory is also important for our judgment and had subsequent action.
Schemas can influence memory by affecting the encoding of information and the retrieval of information

Question 28

What is encoding

Answer 28

Filing information away in memory based on what information is intended to the initial interpretation of the information

When watching a video of a waitress talking to someone and then asked what the waitress was holding the person will respond based on the schemas[stereotypes] because they did not actually

Question 29

What is retrieval

Answer 29

The extraction of information from memory

Question 30

Do schemas affect encoding or retrieval more

Answer 30

encoding– longer lasting impacts

Question 31

how do schemas impact construal

Answer 31

They influence not only what information we focus on and remember but the way we interpret or construe that information

e.g. reading a story about donald after being shown words like ‘necklace’ and ‘irresponsible’ will make you think his actions are such even though they are ambiguous

Question 32

can schemas impact behavior

Answer 32

yes, People who were primed with old age words actually walk slower

Question 33

Define the word priming

Answer 33

The presentation of information designed to activate concept and hence make it accessible. A prime is a stimulus presented to activate the concept question

Question 34

What determines which schemas are activated and applied

Answer 34

Recent activation, frequent activation and chronic accessibility, consciousness of activation: necessary or not, and expectations

Question 35

Do people have to be conscious of activation of schemas

Answer 35

No schemas can be primed even when the presentation of activating stimuli is subliminal or below the threshold of conscious awareness

Question 36

What is subliminal stimulus

Answer 36

Stimulus below the threshold of conscious awareness

Question 37

We are often thought to be of two minds about certain problems meaning that our responses to stimuli are guided by two systems of thought, what are these 2 systems

Answer 37

analogous to intuition and reason

Question 38

What is the intuitive system

Answer 38

Operate automatically and quickly and is based on Association and performs many of the operations simultaneously AKA in Parallel

Question 39

What is the rational system

Answer 39

Is slower and more controlled it is based on rules and deductions and performs its operations one at a time aka serially

Question 40

what Are the three things that can happen with the output of the rational and the intuitive systems

Answer 40

They cann agree
They can disagree
The intuitive system can produce response that seems right and can do so with such speed that the rational system never engage

Question 41

What is heuristics

Answer 41

Intuitive mental operations performed quickly and automatically that provides affective answers to common problems of judgment

aka mental short cuts that allow for quick judgements

Question 42

What is availability heuristic

Answer 42

The process whereby judgment of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind

used the we judge the frequency or probability of some event by how readily pertinent instances come to mind

e.g. which has more tornados, kansas or Nebraska? We think kansas but it is actually equal

things that easily come to mind but not necessarily the most (do more words have r as the third letter or the first? we say first because we can think of that fastest but it is actually the r as the third letter)

this can be bad because we see all the negative stuff in media and think it is really common when it isnt

Question 43

What is representativeness heuristic

Answer 43

The process whereby judgment of likelihood are be some assessments of similarity between individuals and prototypes, or between cause and effect

used when categorizing something by judging how similar it is to our concept of the typical member

how idea that like goes with like and we are thrown off if something that doesn’t typically go in that ‘group’ is there… like a black republican

By be seeing responses exclusively on representativeness, participant failed to consider other useful information

Question 44

what is frequency

Answer 44

The feeling of ease or difficulty associated with processing information

Especially in availability heuristic

Question 45

what is base rate information

Answer 45

Information about the relative frequency of events or members of different categories in the population

Especially in representativeness heuristic

Question 46

Define the term regression effect

Answer 46

The statistical tenancy, when two variables are in perfectly correlated, for extreme values on one of them to be associated with less extreme values on the other

Question 47

Define the term regression fallacy

Answer 47

The failure to recognize the influence of their aggression affect and to offer a causal theory for what it’s really simple statistical regularity

People often fail to see the regression effects for what it is and instead conclude that they have discovered some important phenomena\on,
The sports illustrated jinx is the idea that appearing on the cover of Sports Illustrated is bad luck because it typically follows where the person ends a winning streak wars injured but of course this happens because people are on the cover when they’re at their peak and according to statistics it has to go back down

Question 48

What is the planning fallacy

Answer 48

The tendency for people to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a particular project even when fully aware that they have failed to complete similar projects on time in the past

The inside perspective [ what steps are required to complete this project] crowds out the potentially informative outside perspective[How often do I get such things done on time]

Question 49

What is the resemblance between cause and effect

Answer 49

Sometimes we take the belief that you are what you need to magical extremes; indicated that they assumed the characteristics of the food a tribe eats would rub off on the members– members of the turtle eating try were considered better swimmers and more generous where as members of the tribe that ate wild boar were thought to be more aggressive and probably happier

Question 50

Define the term illusory correlation

Answer 50

The belief that two variables are correlated when they are not