Chapter 2 Flashcards
The methods of social psychology
What is participant observation
Used by both psychologists and cultural end apologist participant observation involves observing some phenomenon at close range. And anthropologist may live the group of people, and a social psychologist will often observe social situations in a semi formal way buy taking notes and interviewing participants
What is archival research
Researchers to look for evidence found in archives of various kinds
What are surveys
simply asking people questions this can be conducted using either interviews or written questionnaires
What is random sampling
Extremely important the people of the survey must be a random sample of the population asshole the only way to obtain a Random sample is to give everyone in the population and equal chance of being chosen
What is convenience sampling
This is not random. A convenient sample maybe biased in someway; meaning and might include too many of one kind of people and too few of others
` define correlational research
Research that does not involve random assignments to different situations or conditions and that psychologists conduct to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables
Define experimental research
In social psychology research that randomly assigned people to different conditions or situations and that enables researchers to make strong inferences about how these different conditions affect behavior
Defined the third variable
In correlational research, a variable that exerts a casual influence on both variable one and variable to
Define the self-selection
In correlational research a problem that arises when the participant rather than the researcher selects his or her level on each variable bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of the relationship difficult
Does correlation establish causation
absolutely not
If correlation does not established causation what is the point
Even if correlation studies usually can’t prove that causal relationship exists, clever analysis of correlational data can be quite persuasive about the meaning of a relationship
The best way to be sure about causality is to do what
Conducted an experiment
Define independent variable
In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome
Define the term dependent variable
In experimental research, the variable that is measured as opposed to manipulated; it is hypothesized to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
Define the term random assignment
Signing participants and experimental research two different groups randomly so they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another
What does random assignment do
Rules about the possibility of self-selection biases example’s; the experimenter has done the selecting
Define the term control condition
A condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effects on the dependent variable
Define the term natural experiment
Naturally occurring event or phenomenon having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions
Define the term external validity
An indication of how well the results of the study generalize to context besides those of the study itself
One of the best ways to ensure external validity is to do what
Conducts a field experiment
Define the term field experiment
Experiment conducted in the real world and not a lab, usually with participants who were not aware that they are in a study of any kind
Define the term internal validity
In experimental research, confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results
Define the term debriefing
In preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants directly for understanding instructions, found to set up to be reasonable and so on; in later versions debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied
Define the term reliability
The degree to which the particular way researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results
Defining the term measurement validity
The correlation between some measure in some outcome measure is supposed to predict
Define regression to the mean
The tendency of extreme scores on a variable to be followed by, or associated with, less extreme scores
Peoples degree of agreement about the kindness or charisma of another person would likely show a correlation of what
about .5
Reliability is to be measured by correlations between zero and what
0-1
Regression to mean essentially means what
subcultural differences they will not happen very often/for very long (you may have an amazing tennis play, but because it’s not typical it likely won’t happen again)
Define the term statistical significance
A measure of the probability of giving results could have occurred by chance
Statistical significance is primarily due to factors which are…
The size of the difference between groups in an experiment or the size of a relationship between variables in a correlational study
and
The number of cases the findings based on, the larger the difference or relationship and the largest number of cases, the greater the statistical significance
Define the term basic science
Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspects about the world
Define the term applied science
Science or research concerned with solving important real-world problems
Define the term intervention
An effort to change a persons behavior
Basic research can give rise to theories that can lead to what
interventions
Define the term replication
The reproducing of the results of a scientific study
Scientific controversy is sometimes generated by what
Failures to replicate and accusations of incompetence on the part of investigators
Define the term institutional review board (IRS)
University committee that examines research proposals and judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research
Define the term informed consent
A person signed agreement to participate in a procedure or a research study after all of the relevant aspects
Define the term deception research
Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research what the meaning of something that has been done to them
The debriefing procedures particularly important when
Participants had been deceived or made uncomfortable
