Chapter 2

Question 1

What is participant observation

Answer 1

Used by both psychologists and cultural end apologist participant observation involves observing some phenomenon at close range. And anthropologist may live the group of people, and a social psychologist will often observe social situations in a semi formal way buy taking notes and interviewing participants

Question 2

What is archival research

Answer 2

Researchers to look for evidence found in archives of various kinds

Question 3

What are surveys

Answer 3

simply asking people questions this can be conducted using either interviews or written questionnaires

Question 4

What is random sampling

Answer 4

Extremely important the people of the survey must be a random sample of the population asshole the only way to obtain a Random sample is to give everyone in the population and equal chance of being chosen

Question 5

What is convenience sampling

Answer 5

This is not random. A convenient sample maybe biased in someway; meaning and might include too many of one kind of people and too few of others

Question 6

` define correlational research

Answer 6

Research that does not involve random assignments to different situations or conditions and that psychologists conduct to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables

Question 7

Define experimental research

Answer 7

In social psychology research that randomly assigned people to different conditions or situations and that enables researchers to make strong inferences about how these different conditions affect behavior

Question 8

Defined the third variable

Answer 8

In correlational research, a variable that exerts a casual influence on both variable one and variable to

Question 9

Define the self-selection

Answer 9

In correlational research a problem that arises when the participant rather than the researcher selects his or her level on each variable bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of the relationship difficult

Question 10

Does correlation establish causation

Answer 10

absolutely not

Question 11

If correlation does not established causation what is the point

Answer 11

Even if correlation studies usually can’t prove that causal relationship exists, clever analysis of correlational data can be quite persuasive about the meaning of a relationship

Question 12

The best way to be sure about causality is to do what

Answer 12

Conducted an experiment

Question 13

Define independent variable

Answer 13

In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome

Question 14

Define the term dependent variable

Answer 14

In experimental research, the variable that is measured as opposed to manipulated; it is hypothesized to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 15

Define the term random assignment

Answer 15

Signing participants and experimental research two different groups randomly so they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another

Question 16

What does random assignment do

Answer 16

Rules about the possibility of self-selection biases example’s; the experimenter has done the selecting

Question 17

Define the term control condition

Answer 17

A condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effects on the dependent variable

Question 18

Define the term natural experiment

Answer 18

Naturally occurring event or phenomenon having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions

Question 19

Define the term external validity

Answer 19

An indication of how well the results of the study generalize to context besides those of the study itself

Question 20

One of the best ways to ensure external validity is to do what

Answer 20

Conducts a field experiment

Question 21

Define the term field experiment

Answer 21

Experiment conducted in the real world and not a lab, usually with participants who were not aware that they are in a study of any kind

Question 22

Define the term internal validity

Answer 22

In experimental research, confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results

Question 23

Define the term debriefing

Answer 23

In preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants directly for understanding instructions, found to set up to be reasonable and so on; in later versions debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied

Question 24

Define the term reliability

Answer 24

The degree to which the particular way researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results

Question 25

Defining the term measurement validity

Answer 25

The correlation between some measure in some outcome measure is supposed to predict

Question 26

Define regression to the mean

Answer 26

The tendency of extreme scores on a variable to be followed by, or associated with, less extreme scores

Question 27

Peoples degree of agreement about the kindness or charisma of another person would likely show a correlation of what

Answer 27

about .5

Question 28

Reliability is to be measured by correlations between zero and what

Answer 28

0-1

Question 29

Regression to mean essentially means what

Answer 29

subcultural differences they will not happen very often/for very long (you may have an amazing tennis play, but because it’s not typical it likely won’t happen again)

Question 30

Define the term statistical significance

Answer 30

A measure of the probability of giving results could have occurred by chance

Question 31

Statistical significance is primarily due to factors which are…

Answer 31

The size of the difference between groups in an experiment or the size of a relationship between variables in a correlational study
and
The number of cases the findings based on, the larger the difference or relationship and the largest number of cases, the greater the statistical significance

Question 32

Define the term basic science

Answer 32

Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspects about the world

Question 33

Define the term applied science

Answer 33

Science or research concerned with solving important real-world problems

Question 34

Define the term intervention

Answer 34

An effort to change a persons behavior

Question 35

Basic research can give rise to theories that can lead to what

Answer 35

interventions

Question 36

Define the term replication

Answer 36

The reproducing of the results of a scientific study

Question 37

Scientific controversy is sometimes generated by what

Answer 37

Failures to replicate and accusations of incompetence on the part of investigators

Question 38

Define the term institutional review board (IRS)

Answer 38

University committee that examines research proposals and judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research

Question 39

Define the term informed consent

Answer 39

A person signed agreement to participate in a procedure or a research study after all of the relevant aspects

Question 40

Define the term deception research

Answer 40

Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research what the meaning of something that has been done to them

Question 41

The debriefing procedures particularly important when

Answer 41

Participants had been deceived or made uncomfortable