Chapter 5

Question 1

Defined attribution theory .

Answer 1

A set of concepts explaining how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects of peoples causal assessments

Question 2

Define the term causal attribution

Answer 2

Linking an event to cause such as inferring that her personality trait is responsible for behavior

Question 3

Define the term explanatory style

Answer 3

A person’s habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along the three dimensions: internal and external, stable and unstable, end global And specific

Question 4

What is the difference internal and external

Answer 4

Due do something about them we’re something about other people or circumstances

Question 5

What is the difference between stable and unstabe

Answer 5

will be present again in the future or not

Question 6

What is the difference between Global and specific

Answer 6

Something that influences other areas of their lives or just this one

Question 7

The tendency to explain negative events in terms of internal stable and global causes is considered what kind of explanatory style

Answer 7

Negative or pessimistic

Question 8

How can people make future success more likely

Answer 8

People believe they can exert control over events they formerly believed to be beyond their control stores hope and unleashes the kind of productive energy that makes future success more likely

Question 9

Research shows that boys are more likely the girls to attribute their failures to lack of effort and girls are more likely than boys to attribute their failures to what

Answer 9

Lack of ability

Question 10

When do internal and external causes become tricky to determine

Answer 10

We might say that someone became a rock’n roll guitarist because of a deep love for the instrument[Internal cause] or because of the desire for fame and fortune[External costs] but aren’t love of the instrument and desire for fame both interstates? And if so why is the love of playing guitar considered an internal cause where as the desire for fame and fortune is considered in external cause? The answer is that loving to play the guitar is not something shared by everyone or even most people so what tells us something characteristic and informative about the person. On the other hand many people find the prospect of fame attractive

Question 11

What is the covariation principle

Answer 11

The idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the observed behavior

We try to determine what the cause– internal or external– ‘covary’ with the observation or effect we are trying to explain

Question 12

Psychologists believe that three types of covariation information are particularly significant what are they

Answer 12

Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

Question 13

What is Consensus

Answer 13

I type of covariation information cool and what most people would do any given situation; that is whether most people would behave the same way, or a few or no other people would behave that way

The more the individual’s reactions it Is shared by others the less it says about the individual and more about the situation

Question 14

What is distinctiveness

Answer 14

I type of covariation information: what an individual does in different situations; that is whether the behavior is unique to a particular situation or occurs in all situations

The more someone’s reaction is confined to particular situation (distinctiveness is high) the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the specific situation

Question 15

What is consistency

Answer 15

I type of covariation information: what an individual does in a given situation on different locations; that is same circumstances the person will behave the same or differently

The more an individual’s reaction varies across occasions (when consistency is low) the harder it is to make a defined attribution either the person or the situation

Question 16

What is a situational attribution

Answer 16

Putting the three types of covariation information together, this is called for when consensus, distinctiveness and consistency are all high

This means that the situation is special

Question 17

What is dispositional attribution

Answer 17

When consensus and distinctiveness are low but consistency is high this means it reflects something about the person

Question 18

Defined the term discounting principle

Answer 18

The idea that people should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behavior and other possible causes might have produced it

For example if somebody is very happy interview you cannot assume that they are always happy because everybody acts like that in that situation

Question 19

Define the term augmentation principal

Answer 19

The idea that people should assign a greater weight to a particular cause okay behavior in other causes are present that’s normally would produce a different outcome

For example if somebody advocates position despite being threatened with torture for doing so, we can safely conclude that the person truly believes in that position

Question 20

Define the term counterfactual thought

Answer 20

Thoughts on what might have, could have or should have happened ‘if only’ something had occurred differently

Question 21

What is the emotional amplification

Answer 21

An increase in An emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine events not happening

People are often more sad when they change something last minute and a bad outcome happens

Question 22

What is self serving attribution bias

Answer 22

The tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances and attributes success and other good events to oneself

Question 23

The self-serving attributional bias, then, is a motivational bias as it is motivated to maintain self-esteem is this true

Answer 23

Things are not so simple. Even a completely rational person, unaffected by motivations to feel good, might make the same pattern attributions and be justified in doing so. After all, when we try to succeed at something, any success is usually at least partly due to our efforts and thus warrants our taking some of the credit. Failure on the other hand usually occurs despite our efforts and therefore requires looking elsewhere, perhaps externally, for its cause

Question 24

Define the term fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

The failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, and the corresponding tendency to over emphasize the importance of dispositions on behavior

Basically there seems to be persuasive tendency to see peoples behavior as a reflection of the kind people they are, rather than as a result of the situation they find themselves in

Question 25

What is the just world hypothesis

Answer 25

The belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

Question 26

What is salient

Answer 26

One important determinant is how much the cause stands out perceptually AKA how salient it is

Question 27

are people or situations more salient

Answer 27

people

Question 28

Do we characterize people based on their behavior

Answer 28

We rapidly and automatically do so. Initially someone who acts hostile is considered hostile regardless of what prompted that to be hostile

Question 29

If the fundamental attribution error is so pervasive and consequential, why are we so susceptible to it and unaware of it

Answer 29

Firstly we’re not good at assessing the validity of our own judgment
And for the pervasiveness of the fundamental attribution error it is that we often see a given individual only in particular kinds of situations

Question 30

What is actor observer difference

Answer 30

The difference in attribution based on who is making the causal assessment calling the actor[who is relatively inclined to make situational attributions] or the observer[who is relatively inclined to make disposition attributions]

Question 31

What gives rise to the actor observer difference

Answer 31

Needs explaining can vary for the actors and observers

The perceptual salience of the actor and the surrounding situations is different for the actor and the observer. The actor is typically oriented outward, toward situational opportunities and constraints. Observers are typically focused on the actor and actress behavior

Actors and observers differently amount and kind of information they have about the actor and the actors behavior

Question 32

How do causal attributions for interdependent and independent people very

Answer 32

For example attributions for the outcomes of sports events are not the same as independent cultures as they are in interdependent cultures. Coaches and players on sports teams in the US tend to see positive outcomes as a result of abilities abilities of the individual players and the actions coaches.
In contrast the activations of Hong Kong coaches and players are more likely to refer to the other team and context[I guess South China was a bit tired after having to play the tournament]

Question 33

Is the fundamental attribution error more widespread and pronounceable Westerners or easterners

Answer 33

Westerners

Question 34

What is social class

Answer 34

The amount of wealth and education and occupational prestige Individuals and their families have

Question 35

How do social class influence attribution

Answer 35

Lower and working-class people for more likely to invoke situational causes where as those higher up social economic plotter tended to invoke dispositional causes