Midterm 2 Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is the current definition of stereotype
The belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of the particular group
What are the three general perspectives that shed light on issues of stereotyping and prejudice or discrimination
Economic perspective, motivational perspective, cognitive perspective
What is the economic perspective
Identifies the roots of much intergroup hostility in competing interest that can set groups part one another
What is motivational perspective
Emphasizes the psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflicts
What is cognitive perspective
Traces the origin of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that I needed people to categorize say items of furniture in to distinct classes of chairs, couches and tables
Define prejudice
A negative attitude or effective response to word a group and its individual members
Define discrimination
Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
In group favoritism can arise in the absence of what
enmity
What is intended to keep peoples discriminatory impulse is check
The threat of punishment
What is the modern racism
Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
A moderate racist would never join the KKK, but might consistently gives black passerby’s a wider berth
How is it true that many of our “isms” contain both positive and negative’s
Somebody might believe that Asians are colder and more rigid than whites, the same time Believe that they are more intellectually gifted
By rewarding women and minorities for conforming to the status quo what happens
Benevolent sexism and racism inhibit progress toward equality– those who hold and different attitudes tend to act positively towards members of groups only if they fulfill their idealized images of what people should be like
What is the implicit Association test
A technique for revealing non- conscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people
This is used because participants may Harper unconscious feelings or may just save racial comments but this shows if any lay below the surface
What is priming
The presentation of information designed to activate a concept, such as a stereotype, and hence, make it accessible. A prime is a stimulus presented to activate the concept in question
Numerous studies show that private methods have shown that people who are sure are not prejudice against blacks nonetheless respond more quickly to negative keywords preceded by pictures of black faces and more slowly to positive words preceded by pictures of black faces
What is realistic group conflict theory
A Group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limites resources
What is ethnocentrism
Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups
People tend to value what kind of leader during periods of conflicts with other groups
Toughness
In the camp study, the hostility produced by five days of competition was erased how
But the joint pursuit of common goals
Can hostility between groups developed even in the absence of competition
Yes– simply because another exist
What is minimal group paradigm
An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these ‘minimal groups’are inclined to behave toward one another
Basically, even when people aren’t told they are part of a group and not another even if they have not met the other members they will still favorite their own group
What is social identity theory
The idea that a persons self concept and self-esteem derived not only from personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person that belongs
People who take particularly strong pride in their group activations are more prone to increase favoritism when placing minimal situations and people who are highly identified with a particular group reacts to criticism of the group as if it were criticism
of the self
What is basking in reflected glory
Taking pride in the accomplishments other people in one’s group such as when sports fans identify with a winning team
Why do stereotyping and prejudice happen
they ca maintain or post self esteem
explain how conflict between groups can be compared to a ‘study 3 legged stool’
Because it rests on persuasive human tendency to be glorify the in-group, to form societies in which there are unequal distribution of resources, and to stereotype members of different groups
According to the cognitive perspective why do stereotypes happen
They are not full is all complete our brains are wired to storing process information
People are more likely to fall back on stereotypes when
they lack mental energy
To those of another in group members send those of account number– was this the consistent case
Yes, even though the basis of the group membership was arbitrary
Define outgroup homogeneity effect
The tendency for people to assume that within-Group similarity is much stronger for outgrips than ingroups
Define Paired distinctiveness
the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they have current together
People do not evaluate information evenhandedly, instead information that is consistent with a group stereotype typically has more impact that information that is inconsistent with it– what does this result in
This is yet another way that even in accurate stereotypes can stay alive and growing in strength
What happens when somebody defies the stereotype
People will explain away exceptions and subtype
what is subtype
Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ the group as a whole
Basically they create a category of ‘exceptions’
How can stereotypes be triggered even if we do not want them to be
The activation of stereotypes is typically an automatic process
What are the three burdens that come with know what others might be prejudiced against one’s group
Attributional ambiguity, stereotype threat, and the psychological cost of concealing one’s identity
What is attributional ambiguity
When somebody has to wonder if an accomplishment is the product of an affirmative action policy can be difficult to completely ‘own it’ and reap the full measure of pride it would ordinarily afford
What is stereotype threat
The fear of confirming the stereotypes others have about one’s group
what is cost of concealing one’s identity
it can literally take a cognitive and physical toll (street is a big one)
Contact between different groups likely to be more positive and more productive certain conditions are met, what are they
The groups need to have an equal status; if one group feels superior and the other resentful then harmonious, productive interactions are not likely to be the norm
Productive intergroup interactions are facilitated if the different groups of the shared goal requires mutual cooperation into thereby promoting an in group identity
A community broader social norms must support Intergroup contact, if different children of different races and religions go to school with one another but their parents are prejudice, the students themselves are unlikely to reach across group boundaries
The contact should encourage one on one interactions between members of the different groups; doing so puts each person’s identity as an individual in the foreground and downplays a person’s group membership
