Midterm 2 Chapter 13 Flashcards
Define hostile aggression
Behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger And hostility
What is instrumental aggression
Behavior intended to hurt another service of motives other than pure hostility (such as attracting attention, acquiring wealth, or advancing political or ideological classes)
Is aggression genetic
Scientists have discovered that certain genes can predispose people to aggression but these genes increase the likelihood of aggression only in certain circumstances
Is temperature related to aggression
Higher than normal temperatures are Associated withaggression
People are aroused by heat often unaware of the extent which hot weather is the source of their arousal–when encounter circumstances that prompt anger the attribute their arousal to that person and this misplaced annoyance gives rise to amplified feelings of anger which can lead to aggression
Does media contribute to aggression
Aggressive films does indeed make people more aggressive– however people tend to be more aggressive after seeing films in which they identified with the perpetrator of violent act; people are also more inclined to be aggressive after watching violent films that portray justified violence (violence against bad people)
Before concluding the media violence causes aggression one must consider some limitations of the lab studies; measures of aggression such as applying an electric shock we have a little to do Real world violence such as murder and heat cramps
There are parallels between boys and girls to watch violent television as children they became more aggressive as adults and more likely to be convicted of a crime
What are the five unsettling reactions associated with playing violent videogames
Increases aggressive behavior
Reduces prosocial behavior such as helping or altruism
Increased aggressive thoughts
Increase aggressive emotions, especially anger
Increase blood pressure and heart rate–psychological responses associated with fighting
How does social rejection impact aggression
Throughout the course of human evolution the socially projected from groupe was similar to the death warrant; given our profound dependence on others for food and shelter and defense and affection
When people experience forms of rejection what will show up on an MRI
The region of the brain that processes physically painful stimuli light THUS, social pain is similar to physical pain
How does income inequality impact aggression
In countries characterized by high economic inequality, the average citizen is much more likely to be murdered or assaulted
Why does the quality give rise to violence
Powerful feelings of social rejection are felt by those at the bottom of unequal societies
Another possibility is that inequality undermines the cohesiveness of the neighborhood, State or country–the feelings of trust and goodwill among people
Why does any inequality toss males into more extreme competition
They are in extreme competition for economic resources and access to mates, and these are two sources of conflict that often motivates murder and other crimes
Does the presence of guns alone make people more aggressive
No guns made them more aggressive when they were also angered by the Confederate actions
What is dehumanization
The attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other than one’s own
What are the two varieties of dehumanize
A person can be denied human nature or human uniqueness
What is human nature
The qualities that distinguish us from an inanimate entities such as computers and robots. These include our capacity for emotion for feeling pain and for expressing work towards others
What is human uniqueness
The accident that distinguishes humans from other species; these attributes include our capacity for civility, refinement send our complex cognitive capacities (for symbolic language formats for example)
How can dehumanization unleash aggression
It is easier to harm others who seem less human and less like ourselves
What is catharsis
The release of a strong emotion such as anger by expressing directly
Is catharsis a healthy way of handling anger
There is no evidence to support this and to some evidence That is ill-advised
What is a culture of honor
The culture defined by its members strong concerns about their home and others reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong
Is there a strong culture of honor in the south
yes– employers actually expressed a good deal of warmth towards a potential job applicant who confessed to have been convicted of manslaughter after defending his honour
what is rape-prone culture
a culture in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against an enemy woman, as a ritual act or a threat against women to keep them subservient to men
what is inclusive fitness
According to evolutionary theory fitness of an individual based on reproductive success and the passing on of genes to future generations
why are children of step families more likely to endure violence
Stepparents concurrency costs biological parents with no enhancement of their inclusive fitness because they do not share the same genetics
Is gender a factoring aggression
Men are more physically aggressive where as women are more psychologically aggressive
However starting very early in life and aggressive reactions are made moresee two young boys and young girls. Given that he is a primary determinants of aggression, this socialization processes might account for at least some of the gender differences we are discussing
What is precarious manhood hypothesis
JT is a man’s gender identity of strength toughness is more easily lost in competition that such a loss can trigger progressive behavior
How does misperception play into aggression
It is common for both sides in escalating conflicts to attribute inhumanequalities to the other group and these images of the enemy serves as written justification for aggression
Group members systematically overestimate the extremity of their opponents attitudes; they assume that the other side is made of fanatical extremists when in fact many people on the other side are more moderate than convictions
What is reactive devaluation
Attaching less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it
why is it not good to avoid speaking face to face with someone you are in conflict with
The tendency of avoiding conflict inhibit one of the most potent tools for reducing conflict; face to face communication
Allowing people to communicate the Levels of competition aggression increases the chance find a satisfying resolution to many times
do restorative justice programs work
Victims of crime to participate in this program supports many fewer thoughts of revenge and comparison individuals do more than twice as likely to forgive the offender said justice system
