Midterm Flashcards
Emphysema
PP:
- Destruction of the alveolar walls/ distention of alveolar sacs
SxSx:
- “Pink Puffers”
- Thin, Barrel chested
- Pursed lips
- Difficulty breathing on exertion
- Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Wheezing
Tx:
- Sit patient up
- High flow O2
- Inhaler
- Rapid transport
Chronic Bronchitis
PP:
- Excessive mucus production
- Inflammation, swelling and thickening of the bronchi and bronchioles
SxSx:
- Hypoxia
- Overweight
- “Blue Bloaters”
- Productive cough
- Rhonchi
Tx:
- Sit patient up
- High flow O2
- Inhaler
- Rapid transport
Asthma/ Status Asthmaticus
ASTHMA
- Sensitivity in lower airways to allergens and irritants
- Causes: Bronchospasm, Edema, Increased mucus secretion
SxSx:
- Accessory muscle use
- Tripod
- Wheezing/ silent chest
- Anxiety/ apprehension
- Chest tightness
Tx:
- Sit up patient
- High flow O2
- Inhaler
- Rapid Transport
STATUS ASTHMATICUS
- Does NOT respond to O2 or meds
Pneumonia
PP:
- Acute infectious disease/ infection in lower airway
- Fluid/ pus filled alveoli = poor gas exchange
SxSx:
- History of illness/ antibiotics
- Dehydrated ?
- Fever/ hot skins
- Shortness of breath/ chest pain
- Rhonchi, but can have wheezing/ rales
Tx:
- Sit up
- High flow O2
Pulmonary Embolism
- Obstruction of blood flow in pulmonary arteries
- Causes: Deep vein thrombosis, immobile patient, recent surgery, long bone fractures, birth control, smokers
PP:
- Blockage of blood flow in pulmonary artery or arteriole
- Hypoxia because poor blood flow/ gas exchange
- Severity based on clot size/ location
SxSx:
- Fear/ Anxiety
- Sudden onset of dyspnea and sharp/ stabbing chest pain
- Hypoxia signs (sense of doom, tachypnea)
- Cough (blood?)
- Clear lungs
Tx:
- Sit up patient
- High flow O2
- Rapid transport
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
- “Collapse lung”
- Usually males, young, thing
- Coughing, lifting heavy objects or straining
PP:
- Lining rupture = air entering pleural cavity = lung collapse
- Pressure builds= decrease gas exchange in affected lung
SxSx:
- Tachypnea
- Pale/ cyanotic
- Subcutaneous emphysema
- Dyspnea
- Chest pain
- Diminished/ absent lung sounds on affected side
Tx:
- Sit up patient
- O2
- Rapid Transport
Pulmonary Edema
PP:
- Excessive amount of fluid that builds between alveoli and capillaries
- Can result in hypoxia
SxSx:
- Tripod with legs dangling
- Pale/ cyanotic
- JVD
- Swollen ankles
- Dyspnea
- Chest pain
- PINK, frothy sputum
- Crackles/ rales
Tx:
- Sit up with dangle legs
- High flow O2/ PPV
- Rapid transport
Hyperventilation Syndrome
PP:
- “Blow off” excessive amounts of CO2
- Eliminating too much CO2 = signs will worsen
SxSx:
- Fatigue
- Nervousness/ anxiety
- Chest tightness
- Numbness/ tingling around mouth, hands, feet
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Carpopedal spasms
Tx:
- Remove from environment
- Calm/ reassure
- DO NOT USE O2
Acute Coronary Syndrome/ Coronary Artery Disease
ACS: sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart
CAD: Plaque build up in the wall of the arteries that supply blood to the heart, which are called coronary arteries. (TWO TYPES)
Atherosclerosis
Fatty plaque build up
Arteriolosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Angina
-Worsening symptoms/ not relieved = AMI
PP:
- Inadequate O2 supply to the heart (Myocardial Infarction)
- Stress endued
- Pain will go away
SxSx:
- Chest discomfort possibly radiating to left arm or neck
- Cool, clammy, possibly sweating profusely
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea or vomiting
Tx:
- O2, low flow, O2 sat of >94%
- Keep patient calm
- NTG/ ASA if prescribed
Myocardial Infarction
PP:
- Complete blockage of coronary artery
SxSx: (SAME AS ANGINA)
- Chest discomfort possibly radiating to left arm or neck
- Cool, clammy, possibly sweating profusely
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea or vomiting
Tx:
-NTG and or ASA
Aneurysm/ Dissection- Thoracic and Abdominal
Aortic Aneurysm
- Weakening in lining of aorta = ballooning
Aortic Dissection
- Tear in inner lining of aorta
- Blood enters= separation of the linings
SxSx:
- Described as “tearing” or ripping”
- Radiate to back, flank, arm
Tx:
- High flow O2
- Rapid transport to facility with surgical resources
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
- Like thoracic but in abdomen
- Same SxSx
- Pulsating mass in skinny folks
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Heart isn’t adequately eject blood out of the ventricle
- Left and Right sided heart failure
Left Heart Failure
PP:
-Lung side
- Left ventricle cannot pump blood out to the body effectively
- “Traffic jam” of blood from the lungs
SxSx:
- Chest pain/ shortness of breath
- Rales
- Pale, cool, sweaty skins
- Anxiety
- High BP/ rapid heart rate
- Pink frothy sputum (late/ serious)
Tx:
- Sit up, dangle legs
- High flow O2, PPV
- Rapid transport
Right Heart Failure
PP:
- Right ventricle cannot pump blood out to the lungs
SxSx:
- Lower extremity edema
- JVD
- Abdominal distention
Tx:
- Sit up, dangle legs
- High flow O2, PPV
- Rapid transport
Peritonitis
PP:
- Inflammation of the peritoneum
- Usually from blood, pus, bacteria, etc leak into the peritoneal cavity
SxSx:
- Abdominal pain or tenderness
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Fever and chills
- Positive markle
- DOES NOT WANT TO MOVE
Tx:
- O2 as needed
- Position of comfort
- Transport!
- Control airway
Appendicitis
PP:
- Inflammation of the appendix
- Can lead to rupture, peritonitis, and shock
SxSx:
- Umbilical pain, localized to the RLQ
- Nausea, vomiting
- Fever
- poor skin signs
- Hypotension
- rebound tenderness upon palpation
Tx:
- O2 as needed
- POC
- Transport
- ALS
- control airway
Pancreatitis
PP:
- Inflammation of the pancreas
- Triggered by alcohol, gallstones, or infection
SxSx:
- ABD pain in the epigastric area
- ABD tenderness and distention
- Mild Jaundice
- Severe ABD pain that can radiate from umbilical region to back of shoulders
- Fever
- Shock
Tx:
- POC
- Treat for shock
- Transport
- O2 as needed
Cholecystic
PP:
- Inflammation of the gallbladder
SxSx:
- RUQ pain, referred pain to the right shoulder
- Projectile vomit
- Shock
Tx:
- Same treatments
GI Bleeding
PP:
- Bleeding in GI tract
SxSx:
- Hematemesis- vomiting of blood
- Hematochezia- pooping of blood
- Melena- digested blood/ poop
- Fowel smelling bowel movements and vomit
- ALOC
- Poor skins/ shock
- Syncopal episodes
- ABD pain/ discomfort
Tx:
Same plus ALS if unstable patient=
Esophageal Varices
PP:
- Bulging, engorgement or weakening of the blood vessel
- Common in alcoholics
SxSx:
- Vomit large amounts of blood
- No ABD pain
- Signs of shock
- Jaundice skins
- Dyspnea
- Tachycardia
Tx:
- Fowlers position
- Same as GI bleeding
Kidney Stones
- Calcium or uric acid crystals that form in the kidney and pass through urinary system
- Pain, usually in flanks
Hypoglycemia
-AKA insulin shock
- EMERGENCY
- Inadequate amount of glucose in the blood stream
- Can mimic: head injuries, alcohol intoxication, drug use, seizure disorder, behavioral disorders, hypoxia, stroke
SxSx:
- Rapid onset
- Cool, moist skins
- Decreased LOC
- Maybe combative
- Headache
- normal BP/ pulse
- shallow respirations
- hungry
Tx:
- 15 grams of glucose or 3 tablets
Hyperglycemia
- Aka Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Abnormally elevated blood sugar
- Not enough insulin to transport sugar into cells/ too much sugar
SxSx:
- Slow onset
- Dry, warm skins
- Acetone breath (fruity odor)
- Increased thirst/ polyuria
- Kussmaul respirations
- Dehydrated, hypotensive, tachycardia, nausea/ vomiting, abd pain, ALOC
Tx:
Insulin
Allergic Reaction
- Hives, urticaria
Anaphylaxis
- Mild symptoms + angioedema, bronchocontriction, signs of shock
Ischemic Stroke
- Cerebral artery is blocked
- Thrombus: clot forms in artery (most common)
- Embolus: Clot travels from another part of the body and lodges in cerebral artery (faster onset)
Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Rupture of an artery or a burst aneurysm
- Very sudden onset
- “WORST HEADACHE EVER”
Transient Ischemic Stroke
- Same s/s as CVA
- Symptoms resolve (1-2 hours)
- Precursor for strokes
Generalized Seizure/ Status Epilepticus
- Grand Mal
- Last longer than 5 min
- Recurrent seizures without lucid interval
- Four stages: Aura, Tonic, Clonic, Postictal state
Absence Seizures
- Petite Mal
- Blank stare, unaware of surrounding
- Last a few seconds
Febrile Seizures
- Caused by high fever (Rapid spike)
- 6 months- 6 years
Simple Partial Seizure
- One part of the body
- Generally stays awake
- Can spread into generalized
Complex Partial Seizure
- Same as a simple partial, but patient isn’t aware of surroundings
Syncope
- Fainting/ sudden and temporary loss of consciousness
- Generally from a standing position
- Becomes responsive after becoming supine
Glucose
- Simple sugar absorbed through digestive tract and used as fuel
Insulin
- Produced in pancreas
- Secreted when glucose levels are high
- Assists glucose to moves from blood into cells
Glycogen
- Stores many simple glucose molecules together in liver
Glucagon
- Produced in pancreas
- Secreted when glucose levels
- Converts glycogen backs into glucose
FAST
ED
BE
Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech Difficulty
Time to call 911
Eye deviation
Denial
Balance
Eye