Mid-term Exam Flashcards
Chapters 1-7
What is blindsight?
The ability of a person who cannot see objects in his or her blind failed to accurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them
What is corpus callosum and what is its function?
A large bundle of nerve fibers that connect corresponding parts of one side of the brain with those of the other
Who is Renee Decartes and what did he do?
A 17th century philosopher who was the first to suggest a link between human mind and the brain
Who is Luigi Galvini and what did he do?
He worked with frogs and determined electrical impulses are what caused muscles to contract
Who is Johan’s Mueller and what did he do
He wrote the doctrine of specific nerve energies and discovered that all nerves communicate the same signal but through different channels
Who is Paul Broca and what did he do
He discovered the speech center of the brain and that it was on the left side
what is neoteny?
A slowing the maturation allowing more time for growth this is needed for a larger brain
Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent
afferent
What do sensory neurons do
They detect changes in the internal and X ternal environment and send information to the central nervous system
Our motor neurons afferent or efferent
Efferent
What do motor neurons do
They are located in the central nervous system and control contraction of muscles or secretion of glands
Where is the soma located and what does it do
It contains the nucleus and has a variety of shapes based on the type of neuron
What are dendrites and what do they do
They are attached to the soma and receive info from the terminal buttons of other neurons
What does the axon do
It conveys information from the soma to terminal buttons the basic message is an action potential
What is a bipolar neuron
A neuron with one Exxon and one dendrite usually sensory vision or audio
What are terminal buttons and what do they do
They bud at the end of the neuron, form synapses with other neurons, secrete neurotransmitters when an action potential is received, and attach to the Soma or dendrites to send messages
What is a neurotransmitter
A chemical that has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron determining of an action potential will happen in the next neuron
What is the function of the membrane proteins
They detect substances outside the cell and inform the sales interior they control access to the interior of the cell and carry molecules into the cell
What is membrane potential
The electrical charge across a cell membrane the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell
What is resting potential
The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory potential’s
What is depolarization
A reduction of the membrane potential from his normal resting potential
What is hyperpolarization
An increase of the membrane potential from his normal resting potential
What is action potential
A brief electrical impulse which reverses the membrane potential from negative to positive it is the basis for conduction of info along the axon
What is the threshold of excitation
The point at which the membrane potential creates an action potential
Where the chloride ions
Mostly in the extracellular fluid
Where the sodium ions
Mostly in the extracellular fluid
Where the potassium ions
Mostly in the intracellular fluid
What is a binding site
Where a neurotransmitter attaches to a receptor molecule
What does liGand mean
A chemical that attaches to a bonding site
What is the postsynaptic potential
A brief depolarization or hyperpolarization that affects the rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron
What is a dendritic spine
Small protrusions on the end of dendrites
What is the synaptic cleft
Space between synapses where neurotransmitters are released
What is a direct neurotransmitter connection
A neurotransmitter is released and opens ion channels
What is an indirect neurotransmitter connection
Neurotransmitter is released and signals a G protein which activates an enzyme and opens the ion channel
What is re-uptake
Rapid removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft
What is neural integration
When inhibitory an excitatory potential’s summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron
What is anterior mean
Toward the front
What is posterior mean
Toward the back
What does dorsal mean
back
What does ventral mean
Front
What does lateral mean
From the middle outward
What is medial mean
Toward the middle
What does ipsilateral mean
Structures on the same side of the body
What does midsagittal mean
To cut the brain and the two symmetrical halves
What is meninges
Protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord
What is the Dura Mater
Hard outer layer of the meninge
What is the arachnoid membrane
Soft and spongy part of the meninges between Dura and Pia mater
What is the pia mater
They contain smaller blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord follow surface shapes
What is the neural tube
Prenatal development appears on the 21st day eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
what is apoptosis
death of a cell caused by a chemical signal
what does the forebrain contain
telencephalon and diencephalon
What is the telencephalon
Contains the basal ganglia limbic system and cerebrum
What is the cerebral cortex
They receive the visual auditory somatic sensory and motor information
What is the basal ganglia
A collection of nuclei in the forebrain it controls movement
What are the parts of the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus, Putaman, Globus Pallidus
What is contained in the diencephalon
The thalamus and hypothalamus
What does the thalamus do
Relays information to other parts of the brain
What is the hypothalamus do
Rose autonomic nervous system in the current system and survival behaviors
What is the midbrain contain
The tectum and tegmentum
What is the tectum and what does it do
It is made up of the superior and inferior colliculi the inferior is involved in the auditory system and superior is involved in the visual system
what is the tegmentum and what does it do
Helps sleep arousal vital reflexes controlled movements for fighting and meeting communicate information from cerebral cortex to spinal cord
What are the parts of the tegmentum
Reticular formation periaqueductal gray matter red nucleus substantial nigra and ventral tegmental area
Is the hindbrain contain
Cerebellum ponds and Medella oblongata
What are ventricles in the brain
Hollow interconnected chambers inside the brain that hold cerebrospinal fluid
What is the lateral ventricle
The first and second ventricles and are the largest connected to the third and found in the middle of the Tele encephalon
Where is the third ventricle located
In the center of the telencephalon
What is the cerebral aqueduct
It connects the third and fourth ventricle
What is the fourth ventricle and where is it located
Is located in the middle of the meta-encephalon and allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain through small openings
What does the somatic nervous system contain
The cranial and spinal nerves
What are cranial nerves
Neurons attached to the brain most control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
What are afferent of cranial nerves
From sensory organs to the central nervous system
What are efferents of cranial nerves
To the muscles away from the central nervous system conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
What are spinal nerves
Neurons attached to the spinal cord
What are afferents of spinal nerves
From sensory organs to the central nervous system
What are Efferents is a spinal nerves
To the muscles away from central nervous system conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
What is the autonomic nervous system
It contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
What are sympathetic nerves and what do they do
They are sales in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord used in activities that use energy from body reserves increasing blood flow
What do the spinal nerves and sympathetic ganglia do
They are found in the spine and they are nerves close to the spine in order to send fight or flight signals
What are parasympathetic nerves
Your cell bodies found in the nuclei of some cranial nerves and gray matter of the sacral area of the spinal cord they are involved in activities that increase the bottle he stored energy secretion of bodily fluids
What is spinal nerves and parasympathetic ganglia do
From the spine out word due to sending strategic signals digest only when there is time to perform the task
Which nervous system is responsible for involuntary movements and smooth and cardiac muscles
Autonomic
The system is responsible for voluntary movements in control of skeletal muscles
Somatic
What makes up the central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
Makes up the parasympathetic nervous system
The section of the nervous system that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
What does proximal mean
Located close to the point of origin
What does distal mean
Located farther from the point of origin
What is contralateral mean
On the opposite side of the body
In what way does the coronal plane split the body
Split the brain into front and back
What is the sagittal plane
The plane this was the brain into left and right
What is the horizontal plane
The plane the splits the brain into top and bottom
What is the lamina
A layer of cell body separated from other cell bodies by layer of axons and dendrites
What is a tract
A set of axons within the CNS
What is the gyrus
A protuberance of the surface of the brain
What is the sulcus
A folder groove that separates one gyrus from another
What is a fissure
A long and deep sulcus
Where is gray matter located and what is it made up of
It is located in the center of the spinal cord and his densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
Where is the white matter located and what is it made up of
White matter is located on the outer layer of the spinal cord and is composed mostly of myelinated axon
Which nervous system is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for vigorous activity
Sympathetic
Which nervous system is comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord
Sympathetic
Which nervous system facilitates vegetative non-emergency responses
Parasympathetic
Which nervous system is comprised of long preganglionic axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attached organs
Parasympathetic
The thalamus hypothalamus cerebral cortex and basil ganglia are all found in the
forebrain
The tectum tegmentum superior and inferior colliculi as well as other structures are found in the
Midbrain
The medulla pons and cerebellum are all found in the
Hindbrain
Where is the medulla located and what does it do
It is located just above the spinal cord and is responsible for reflexes such as heart rate breathing salivation and sneezing
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
Where is the pons and what is it function
It lies on the ventral and anterior sides of the Doula and works in conjunction with them a Doula to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain it also connects cerebral cortex to cerebellum
What does the Raphe system do
It sends axons to the forebrain to modify the brains readiness to respond to stimuli
What does the cerebellum do
It helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination as well as shift the tension between auditory and visual stimuli
What are the superior and inferior colliculi
Structures in the mid brain that processes sensory information
What does the substantial nigra do
It is a structure in the tegmentum that controls a dopamine facilitating readiness for movement
What is the limbic system and what does it contain
It is the brain region associated with motivation and emotion and it contains olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus
Where is the hypothalamus located and what does it do
It is a small structure at the base of the brain that conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones
What is the pituitary gland and where is it located
It is a hormone producing glands found at the base of the hypothalamus
What is the basal ganglia responsible for
Planning of motor movement
Who was Cajal
The researcher who discovered that the brain was composed of individual cells not a diss order of mass
Which organelle synthesizes proteins
Ribosomes
Which organelle provides the cell it’s energy through ATP production
Mitochondria
Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids as well as transporting newly synthesized proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the Mylan sheath
Protective insulation around some axons
What are the nodes of Ranvier
Interruptions in the Mylan sheath of axons
What are presynaptic terminals
And points were an axon releases neurotransmitters
What is an interneuron
A type of neuron that has both it’s dendrites and axons completely contained within a single structure
What is an astrocyte
A glial cell that surrounds the presynaptic terminal and absorb excess neurotransmitters
What is a microglia
A glial cell that removes waste material
What is an oligodendrocyte
Glial cell found in the CNS that forms the myelin sheath of axons
What is a Schwann cell
Hey glial cells found in the PNS that forms the Mylan sheath of axons
What is the radial cell
A glial cell that guys my grading around to their final destinations in the body
What is an electrical gradient
The difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell
How great is the polarization of neurons at resting potential
-70 mV
At resting potential sodium channels are
Closed
At resting potential potassium channels are
Mostly closed
The sodium potassium pump continually pumps ___ sodium ions out of the cell while drawing ___ potassium ions into the cell
3,2
The sodium potassium pump helps to maintain the ____ _____ of the cell at resting potential
Electrical gradient
