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Physiological Psychology > Mid-term Exam > Flashcards

Mid-term Exam Flashcards

Chapters 1-7

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1
Q

What is blindsight?

A

The ability of a person who cannot see objects in his or her blind failed to accurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them

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2
Q

What is corpus callosum and what is its function?

A

A large bundle of nerve fibers that connect corresponding parts of one side of the brain with those of the other

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3
Q

Who is Renee Decartes and what did he do?

A

A 17th century philosopher who was the first to suggest a link between human mind and the brain

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4
Q

Who is Luigi Galvini and what did he do?

A

He worked with frogs and determined electrical impulses are what caused muscles to contract

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5
Q

Who is Johan’s Mueller and what did he do

A

He wrote the doctrine of specific nerve energies and discovered that all nerves communicate the same signal but through different channels

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6
Q

Who is Paul Broca and what did he do

A

He discovered the speech center of the brain and that it was on the left side

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7
Q

what is neoteny?

A

A slowing the maturation allowing more time for growth this is needed for a larger brain

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8
Q

Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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9
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

They detect changes in the internal and X ternal environment and send information to the central nervous system

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10
Q

Our motor neurons afferent or efferent

A

Efferent

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11
Q

What do motor neurons do

A

They are located in the central nervous system and control contraction of muscles or secretion of glands

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12
Q

Where is the soma located and what does it do

A

It contains the nucleus and has a variety of shapes based on the type of neuron

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13
Q

What are dendrites and what do they do

A

They are attached to the soma and receive info from the terminal buttons of other neurons

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14
Q

What does the axon do

A

It conveys information from the soma to terminal buttons the basic message is an action potential

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15
Q

What is a bipolar neuron

A

A neuron with one Exxon and one dendrite usually sensory vision or audio

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16
Q

What are terminal buttons and what do they do

A

They bud at the end of the neuron, form synapses with other neurons, secrete neurotransmitters when an action potential is received, and attach to the Soma or dendrites to send messages

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17
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron determining of an action potential will happen in the next neuron

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18
Q

What is the function of the membrane proteins

A

They detect substances outside the cell and inform the sales interior they control access to the interior of the cell and carry molecules into the cell

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19
Q

What is membrane potential

A

The electrical charge across a cell membrane the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell

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20
Q

What is resting potential

A

The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory potential’s

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21
Q

What is depolarization

A

A reduction of the membrane potential from his normal resting potential

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22
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

An increase of the membrane potential from his normal resting potential

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23
Q

What is action potential

A

A brief electrical impulse which reverses the membrane potential from negative to positive it is the basis for conduction of info along the axon

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24
Q

What is the threshold of excitation

A

The point at which the membrane potential creates an action potential

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25
Q

Where the chloride ions

A

Mostly in the extracellular fluid

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26
Q

Where the sodium ions

A

Mostly in the extracellular fluid

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27
Q

Where the potassium ions

A

Mostly in the intracellular fluid

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28
Q

What is a binding site

A

Where a neurotransmitter attaches to a receptor molecule

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29
Q

What does liGand mean

A

A chemical that attaches to a bonding site

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30
Q

What is the postsynaptic potential

A

A brief depolarization or hyperpolarization that affects the rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron

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31
Q

What is a dendritic spine

A

Small protrusions on the end of dendrites

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32
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

Space between synapses where neurotransmitters are released

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33
Q

What is a direct neurotransmitter connection

A

A neurotransmitter is released and opens ion channels

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34
Q

What is an indirect neurotransmitter connection

A

Neurotransmitter is released and signals a G protein which activates an enzyme and opens the ion channel

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35
Q

What is re-uptake

A

Rapid removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft

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36
Q

What is neural integration

A

When inhibitory an excitatory potential’s summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron

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37
Q

What is anterior mean

A

Toward the front

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38
Q

What is posterior mean

A

Toward the back

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39
Q

What does dorsal mean

A

back

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40
Q

What does ventral mean

A

Front

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41
Q

What does lateral mean

A

From the middle outward

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42
Q

What is medial mean

A

Toward the middle

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43
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

A

Structures on the same side of the body

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44
Q

What does midsagittal mean

A

To cut the brain and the two symmetrical halves

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45
Q

What is meninges

A

Protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord

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46
Q

What is the Dura Mater

A

Hard outer layer of the meninge

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47
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane

A

Soft and spongy part of the meninges between Dura and Pia mater

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48
Q

What is the pia mater

A

They contain smaller blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord follow surface shapes

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49
Q

What is the neural tube

A

Prenatal development appears on the 21st day eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

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50
Q

what is apoptosis

A

death of a cell caused by a chemical signal

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51
Q

what does the forebrain contain

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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52
Q

What is the telencephalon

A

Contains the basal ganglia limbic system and cerebrum

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53
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

They receive the visual auditory somatic sensory and motor information

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54
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

A collection of nuclei in the forebrain it controls movement

55
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus, Putaman, Globus Pallidus

56
Q

What is contained in the diencephalon

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

57
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Relays information to other parts of the brain

58
Q

What is the hypothalamus do

A

Rose autonomic nervous system in the current system and survival behaviors

59
Q

What is the midbrain contain

A

The tectum and tegmentum

60
Q

What is the tectum and what does it do

A

It is made up of the superior and inferior colliculi the inferior is involved in the auditory system and superior is involved in the visual system

61
Q

what is the tegmentum and what does it do

A

Helps sleep arousal vital reflexes controlled movements for fighting and meeting communicate information from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

62
Q

What are the parts of the tegmentum

A

Reticular formation periaqueductal gray matter red nucleus substantial nigra and ventral tegmental area

63
Q

Is the hindbrain contain

A

Cerebellum ponds and Medella oblongata

64
Q

What are ventricles in the brain

A

Hollow interconnected chambers inside the brain that hold cerebrospinal fluid

65
Q

What is the lateral ventricle

A

The first and second ventricles and are the largest connected to the third and found in the middle of the Tele encephalon

66
Q

Where is the third ventricle located

A

In the center of the telencephalon

67
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct

A

It connects the third and fourth ventricle

68
Q

What is the fourth ventricle and where is it located

A

Is located in the middle of the meta-encephalon and allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain through small openings

69
Q

What does the somatic nervous system contain

A

The cranial and spinal nerves

70
Q

What are cranial nerves

A

Neurons attached to the brain most control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region

71
Q

What are afferent of cranial nerves

A

From sensory organs to the central nervous system

72
Q

What are efferents of cranial nerves

A

To the muscles away from the central nervous system conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

73
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

Neurons attached to the spinal cord

74
Q

What are afferents of spinal nerves

A

From sensory organs to the central nervous system

75
Q

What are Efferents is a spinal nerves

A

To the muscles away from central nervous system conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

76
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

It contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

77
Q

What are sympathetic nerves and what do they do

A

They are sales in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord used in activities that use energy from body reserves increasing blood flow

78
Q

What do the spinal nerves and sympathetic ganglia do

A

They are found in the spine and they are nerves close to the spine in order to send fight or flight signals

79
Q

What are parasympathetic nerves

A

Your cell bodies found in the nuclei of some cranial nerves and gray matter of the sacral area of the spinal cord they are involved in activities that increase the bottle he stored energy secretion of bodily fluids

80
Q

What is spinal nerves and parasympathetic ganglia do

A

From the spine out word due to sending strategic signals digest only when there is time to perform the task

81
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for involuntary movements and smooth and cardiac muscles

A

Autonomic

82
Q

The system is responsible for voluntary movements in control of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

83
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

84
Q

Makes up the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The section of the nervous system that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

85
Q

What does proximal mean

A

Located close to the point of origin

86
Q

What does distal mean

A

Located farther from the point of origin

87
Q

What is contralateral mean

A

On the opposite side of the body

88
Q

In what way does the coronal plane split the body

A

Split the brain into front and back

89
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

The plane this was the brain into left and right

90
Q

What is the horizontal plane

A

The plane the splits the brain into top and bottom

91
Q

What is the lamina

A

A layer of cell body separated from other cell bodies by layer of axons and dendrites

92
Q

What is a tract

A

A set of axons within the CNS

93
Q

What is the gyrus

A

A protuberance of the surface of the brain

94
Q

What is the sulcus

A

A folder groove that separates one gyrus from another

95
Q

What is a fissure

A

A long and deep sulcus

96
Q

Where is gray matter located and what is it made up of

A

It is located in the center of the spinal cord and his densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

97
Q

Where is the white matter located and what is it made up of

A

White matter is located on the outer layer of the spinal cord and is composed mostly of myelinated axon

98
Q

Which nervous system is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for vigorous activity

A

Sympathetic

99
Q

Which nervous system is comprised of ganglia on the left and right of the spinal cord

A

Sympathetic

100
Q

Which nervous system facilitates vegetative non-emergency responses

A

Parasympathetic

101
Q

Which nervous system is comprised of long preganglionic axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attached organs

A

Parasympathetic

102
Q

The thalamus hypothalamus cerebral cortex and basil ganglia are all found in the

A

forebrain

103
Q

The tectum tegmentum superior and inferior colliculi as well as other structures are found in the

A

Midbrain

104
Q

The medulla pons and cerebellum are all found in the

A

Hindbrain

105
Q

Where is the medulla located and what does it do

A

It is located just above the spinal cord and is responsible for reflexes such as heart rate breathing salivation and sneezing

106
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

107
Q

Where is the pons and what is it function

A

It lies on the ventral and anterior sides of the Doula and works in conjunction with them a Doula to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain it also connects cerebral cortex to cerebellum

108
Q

What does the Raphe system do

A

It sends axons to the forebrain to modify the brains readiness to respond to stimuli

109
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

It helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination as well as shift the tension between auditory and visual stimuli

110
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi

A

Structures in the mid brain that processes sensory information

111
Q

What does the substantial nigra do

A

It is a structure in the tegmentum that controls a dopamine facilitating readiness for movement

112
Q

What is the limbic system and what does it contain

A

It is the brain region associated with motivation and emotion and it contains olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus

113
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located and what does it do

A

It is a small structure at the base of the brain that conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones

114
Q

What is the pituitary gland and where is it located

A

It is a hormone producing glands found at the base of the hypothalamus

115
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for

A

Planning of motor movement

116
Q

Who was Cajal

A

The researcher who discovered that the brain was composed of individual cells not a diss order of mass

117
Q

Which organelle synthesizes proteins

A

Ribosomes

118
Q

Which organelle provides the cell it’s energy through ATP production

A

Mitochondria

119
Q

Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids as well as transporting newly synthesized proteins

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

120
Q

What is the Mylan sheath

A

Protective insulation around some axons

121
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier

A

Interruptions in the Mylan sheath of axons

122
Q

What are presynaptic terminals

A

And points were an axon releases neurotransmitters

123
Q

What is an interneuron

A

A type of neuron that has both it’s dendrites and axons completely contained within a single structure

124
Q

What is an astrocyte

A

A glial cell that surrounds the presynaptic terminal and absorb excess neurotransmitters

125
Q

What is a microglia

A

A glial cell that removes waste material

126
Q

What is an oligodendrocyte

A

Glial cell found in the CNS that forms the myelin sheath of axons

127
Q

What is a Schwann cell

A

Hey glial cells found in the PNS that forms the Mylan sheath of axons

128
Q

What is the radial cell

A

A glial cell that guys my grading around to their final destinations in the body

129
Q

What is an electrical gradient

A

The difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell

130
Q

How great is the polarization of neurons at resting potential

A

-70 mV

131
Q

At resting potential sodium channels are

A

Closed

132
Q

At resting potential potassium channels are

A

Mostly closed

133
Q

The sodium potassium pump continually pumps ___ sodium ions out of the cell while drawing ___ potassium ions into the cell

A

3,2

134
Q

The sodium potassium pump helps to maintain the ____ _____ of the cell at resting potential

A

Electrical gradient

Physiological Psychology (15 decks)

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