Chapter 4 Flashcards
To determine the contributions of hereditary and environment researchers rely mainland studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins
True
Sex linked genes are usually found on the Y chromosome true or false
False
Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive success true or false
True
In development neurotrophins ____. During adulthood they ____
Preserve neurons and increase neuronal branching
Why is it that every Exxon in an adult mammal has a target sale muscle cell or other neurons with which it makes synaptic contact
Axons that failed to find a target cell die
How much alcohol if any can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child
Unknown and therefore abstention is recommended
The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to
Apoptosis
In response to the nervous system injury neurotrophins ____
Increase of regrowth of damaged axons
Mylenation in the human brain
Continues well into the adult years
Which of the following are selective as axons form synapses with target sells
Both
The fluid filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the
Ventricular system
Apoptosis
Programmed mechanism of cell death
Early and development the nervous system begins as a
Tube surrounding a fluid filled cavity
What is signaled by nerve growth factor
That a target sale has accepted an axon
Migration requires
A precise chemical environment
What is the process called my primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon
Differentiation
An axon that does not receive enough neurotrophins from a target cell will
Degenerate and die
Proliferation is the
Production of new cells
After the migrating neuron reaches is Destination _____ begin to form
Dendrites
The areas of the cortex used by expert video game players are most likely to _____ then the same cortical areas of those who do not play video games
Be thicker
The formation of new synapses is called
Synaptogenesis
Which of the following best describes the process by which developing axons find their general target areas
Chemical attraction
Immature neurons experimentally transplanted from one part of the developing cortex to another
Develop the properties characteristic of their new location
Alcohol suppresses the release of ___ the brains main excitatory transmitter
Glutamate
Chemicals in the amphibian tectum guide the growth of axons from the retina to the correct location and the tectum by
Using a chemical gradient
Roger Sperry cut a new optic nerve and rotated the guy axons from what used to be the dorsal part of the retina now located on the ventral side group back to the target areas
That ordinarily get input from the dorsal retina
Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia are called
Stem cells
The function of neurotrophins is to
Promote survival of the axon
Which of the following best characterizes have axons arrive at the correct target cells
They follow chemical gradient from the target cell
Nerve growth factor is
Promotes the survival and growth of the axon
_______ Steer new axonal branches and synapses in the right direction
Neurotrophins
a cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. Which action most likely accounts for this?
Synaptic reorganization
the results of several studies of facial expression in people who were born blind suggest
no role of genetics but a major role of environment in the control of facial expression
Myelination of the brain and spinal cord is complete by the time of birth. True or false
false
Any estimate of the heritability of a particular trait is specific to
a given population
After the migrating neuron reaches its destination _____ begin to form
dendrites
The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as
neural Darwinism
Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are known as
genes
On a given trait, high heritability suggests that
adopted children will closely resemble their biological parents
which event is the most common cause of a stroke
ischemia from an obstruction of an artery
the field of epigenetics deals with
experiences can turn genes on or off
Group selection as an explanation for altruistic behavior would argue that
cooperative groups thrive better than do uncooperative groups
Which statement best explains why males can grow breasts under certain hormonal conditions
Sex-limited genes become activated
Sex-limited genes are found on
any chromosome
which factor appears to be particularly important for branching of neurons during brain development?
physical activity
Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called ____.
stem cells
Which of the following are selective as axons form synapses with target cells?
both axons and target cells
After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become
dormant
At later stages of the neuron’s development, neurotrophins
increase the branching of axons
The fluid-filled cavity within the neural tube becomes the central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain. True or false
true
