Ch. 11- Emotional Behaviors Flashcards
What are the components of an emotional response
behavioral, autonomic, hormonal
Behavioral components consists of
muscular movement that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them
Autonomic responses
facilitate the behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement
Hormonal Responses
reinforce the autonomic responses
Hormones are secreted by the
adrenal medulla
the brain area most involved with fear is
amygdala
Nucleus responsible for expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli
central nucleus of the amygdala
what happens when excitatory amino acid glutamate is injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala
physiological and behavioral signs of fear and agitation
James-Lange theory of emotion
the behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and feelings of emotions are produced by the feedback
Stimulus that elicits fear in most species
loud unexpected noises, large animal approaching, sounds or odors
Typical defensive responses for rats
freezing or behavioral arrest
Brain is responsible for inhibition of emotional responses
ventral medial prefrontal cortex
Advantage of threat behaviors
reinforce social hierarchies, organized groups/warn intruders
NT that inhibits aggression
serotonin
What happens when PAG is stimulated in cats
increased aggression/freezing behavior
Brain area and disgust
insular cortex and basal ganglia impairment to these areas cause people not to be able to recognize facial expressions of disgust
What NT is involved in the control of risky behavior
Serotonin
What are the 3 key roles of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- plays a role in regulating our responses to situations
- plays a role in inhibiting emotional responses
- inputs provide info about what is happening in the environment
Brain area activated during personal moral dilemmas
ventral medial prefrontal cortex
what is the limbic system
forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus; critical for emotion
behavioral activation system (BAS)
activity of the left hemisphere especially its frontal and temporal lobes, marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach
behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
activity of the right hemisphere of frontal and temporal lobes, increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust
what is turnover
the amount of neurons released and replaced
what is the bed of nucleus of the stria terminalis
set of axons that connect this nuclear to the amygdala, affects long-term generalized emotional arousal
what do Benzos bind to
GABA a receptor
what is behavioral medicine
emphasizing the effects on health of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors
what is stress
nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
what is general adaptation syndrome
any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, activity of the adrenal glands
What is the HPA axis
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex; activated by stress
What is ACTH
secreted by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the human adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
what are leukocytes
white blood cells, B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells
What are antibodies
secreted by B cells, Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular antigens
what are cytokines
small proteins produced by leukocytes that combat infection, stimulate the vagus nerve and trigger release of prostaglandins
What are prostaglandins
cross blood-brain barrier and stimulate the hypothalamus to produce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy, lack of appetite and loss of sex drive
what is psychoneuroimmunology
the study of the relationship between nervous systems control over the immune system, ways experiences alter immune system and how immune system in turn influences the central nervous system
what is the progression of the James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Cognitive first then action then emotion
the limbic system has been regarded as critical for
emotion
activity of left hemisphere, especially its frontal and temporal lobes relates to
Behavioral Activation System
Increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the right hemisphere is associated with
Behavioral Inhibition System
when processing sad of frightening information the information goes to the
right hemisphere
people were quicker and more accurate at identifying happy faces when it went to the
left hemisphere
Damage to the prefrontal cortex causes
blunted emotion, except for anger and impaired decision making
damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
inconsistent preferences, less normal concern for others, no nervous tension or guilt
Brain damage that impairs emotional feelings and responses also impairs
decision making
emotion is embodies which means what
what you re doing affects how you are feeling
aggression depends on
the ratio of testosterone to cortisol
how do you measure serotonin turnover
concentration of 5-HIAA
what is 5-HIAA
serotonins main metabolite, in the CSF
How do we decrease serotonin turnover
social isolation and aggressive behavior
Monoamine Oxidase A (MOA)
breaks down neurons release preventing excessive accumulations
Tension of the neck is important because
the neck is vulnerable to injury
what is important for enhancing the startle reface
amygdala
The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis control increases and decreases in..
anxiety
The bed nucleus is critical for
long term adjustments of anxiety
Individual differences in anxiety correlate strongly with?
amygdala activity
Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear?
they focus vision on nose and mouth, fear is seen in the eyes
Panic disorder is associated with increased ___ and decreased ____
Orexin, GABA
Most PTSD victims have smaller than average ____
hippocampus
Drugs to increase the activity of ____ inhibits anxiety
GABA
Alcohol promotes the flow of
chloride ions through GABAa receptor
Stress activates what 2 systems
sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis
ACTH is activated by the
hypothalamus
ACTH enhances
metabolic activity, elevates blood levels of sugar and increases alertness
