Ch. 11- Emotional Behaviors

Question 1

What are the components of an emotional response

Answer 1

behavioral, autonomic, hormonal

Question 2

Behavioral components consists of

Answer 2

muscular movement that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them

Question 3

Autonomic responses

Answer 3

facilitate the behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement

Question 4

Hormonal Responses

Answer 4

reinforce the autonomic responses

Question 5

Hormones are secreted by the

Answer 5

adrenal medulla

Question 6

the brain area most involved with fear is

Answer 6

amygdala

Question 7

Nucleus responsible for expression of emotional responses to aversive stimuli

Answer 7

central nucleus of the amygdala

Question 8

what happens when excitatory amino acid glutamate is injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 8

physiological and behavioral signs of fear and agitation

Question 9

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 9

the behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and feelings of emotions are produced by the feedback

Question 10

Stimulus that elicits fear in most species

Answer 10

loud unexpected noises, large animal approaching, sounds or odors

Question 11

Typical defensive responses for rats

Answer 11

freezing or behavioral arrest

Question 12

Brain is responsible for inhibition of emotional responses

Answer 12

ventral medial prefrontal cortex

Question 13

Advantage of threat behaviors

Answer 13

reinforce social hierarchies, organized groups/warn intruders

Question 14

NT that inhibits aggression

Answer 14

serotonin

Question 15

What happens when PAG is stimulated in cats

Answer 15

increased aggression/freezing behavior

Question 16

Brain area and disgust

Answer 16

insular cortex and basal ganglia impairment to these areas cause people not to be able to recognize facial expressions of disgust

Question 17

What NT is involved in the control of risky behavior

Answer 17

Serotonin

Question 18

What are the 3 key roles of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 18

1. plays a role in regulating our responses to situations
2. plays a role in inhibiting emotional responses
3. inputs provide info about what is happening in the environment

Question 19

Brain area activated during personal moral dilemmas

Answer 19

ventral medial prefrontal cortex

Question 20

what is the limbic system

Answer 20

forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus; critical for emotion

Question 21

behavioral activation system (BAS)

Answer 21

activity of the left hemisphere especially its frontal and temporal lobes, marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach

Question 22

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Answer 22

activity of the right hemisphere of frontal and temporal lobes, increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust

Question 23

what is turnover

Answer 23

the amount of neurons released and replaced

Question 24

what is the bed of nucleus of the stria terminalis

Answer 24

set of axons that connect this nuclear to the amygdala, affects long-term generalized emotional arousal

Question 25

what do Benzos bind to

Answer 25

GABA a receptor

Question 26

what is behavioral medicine

Answer 26

emphasizing the effects on health of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors

Question 27

what is stress

Answer 27

nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it

Question 28

what is general adaptation syndrome

Answer 28

any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, activity of the adrenal glands

Question 29

What is the HPA axis

Answer 29

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex; activated by stress

Question 30

What is ACTH

Answer 30

secreted by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the human adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Question 31

what are leukocytes

Answer 31

white blood cells, B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells

Question 32

What are antibodies

Answer 32

secreted by B cells, Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular antigens

Question 33

what are cytokines

Answer 33

small proteins produced by leukocytes that combat infection, stimulate the vagus nerve and trigger release of prostaglandins

Question 34

What are prostaglandins

Answer 34

cross blood-brain barrier and stimulate the hypothalamus to produce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy, lack of appetite and loss of sex drive

Question 35

what is psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 35

the study of the relationship between nervous systems control over the immune system, ways experiences alter immune system and how immune system in turn influences the central nervous system

Question 36

what is the progression of the James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 36

Cognitive first then action then emotion

Question 37

the limbic system has been regarded as critical for

Answer 37

emotion

Question 38

activity of left hemisphere, especially its frontal and temporal lobes relates to

Answer 38

Behavioral Activation System

Question 39

Increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the right hemisphere is associated with

Answer 39

Behavioral Inhibition System

Question 40

when processing sad of frightening information the information goes to the

Answer 40

right hemisphere

Question 41

people were quicker and more accurate at identifying happy faces when it went to the

Answer 41

left hemisphere

Question 42

Damage to the prefrontal cortex causes

Answer 42

blunted emotion, except for anger and impaired decision making

Question 43

damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 43

inconsistent preferences, less normal concern for others, no nervous tension or guilt

Question 44

Brain damage that impairs emotional feelings and responses also impairs

Answer 44

decision making

Question 45

emotion is embodies which means what

Answer 45

what you re doing affects how you are feeling

Question 46

aggression depends on

Answer 46

the ratio of testosterone to cortisol

Question 47

how do you measure serotonin turnover

Answer 47

concentration of 5-HIAA

Question 48

what is 5-HIAA

Answer 48

serotonins main metabolite, in the CSF

Question 49

How do we decrease serotonin turnover

Answer 49

social isolation and aggressive behavior

Question 50

Monoamine Oxidase A (MOA)

Answer 50

breaks down neurons release preventing excessive accumulations

Question 51

Tension of the neck is important because

Answer 51

the neck is vulnerable to injury

Question 52

what is important for enhancing the startle reface

Answer 52

amygdala

Question 53

The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis control increases and decreases in..

Answer 53

anxiety

Question 54

The bed nucleus is critical for

Answer 54

long term adjustments of anxiety

Question 55

Individual differences in anxiety correlate strongly with?

Answer 55

amygdala activity

Question 56

Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear?

Answer 56

they focus vision on nose and mouth, fear is seen in the eyes

Question 57

Panic disorder is associated with increased ___ and decreased ____

Answer 57

Orexin, GABA

Question 58

Most PTSD victims have smaller than average ____

Answer 58

hippocampus

Question 59

Drugs to increase the activity of ____ inhibits anxiety

Answer 59

GABA

Question 60

Alcohol promotes the flow of

Answer 60

chloride ions through GABAa receptor

Question 61

Stress activates what 2 systems

Answer 61

sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis

Question 62

ACTH is activated by the

Answer 62

hypothalamus

Question 63

ACTH enhances

Answer 63

metabolic activity, elevates blood levels of sugar and increases alertness