Chapter 5 Flashcards
After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away you see red which theory attempts to explain this finding
Opponent process theory
The law of specific nerve energies states that
Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
According to the law of specific nerve energies the brain tells the difference between one sensory modalities and another by
Which neurons are active
Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina
The left half
In comparison to the rods cones are more
Sensitive to detail
Which statement characterizes the fovea
It has the greatest perception of detail
Rods are to _____ as cones are too
The periphery the fovea
Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ___ is the most common form of color vision deficiency
Red and green
In the human Ratna messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to
Bipolar cells
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the
Pupil
Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called
Photo pigments
According to the retinex theory we perceive color by
Contrastingly activity in one area of the visual field that the others
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye
More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to eat ganglion cells
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best while at the level of the bipolar cells like the ____ theory seems to fit best
Trichromatic and opponent process
In what order does visual information pass through the retina
Receptor cells bipolar cells ganglion cells
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the _____ theory of color vision
Retinex
In comparison to the rods are
More sensitive to dim light
According to the trichromatic theory the most important factor in determining the color we see is the
Relative activity short medium and long wavelength
Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color
cones
Which statement is true with regard to peripheral vision
It is easier to recognize single object in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the
Blindspot
The optic nerve composed of axons from which kind of cells
Ganglion cells
Why does the fovea provide the clear move detail visual information
It has tightly packed receptors
Bipolar cells send their messages to ____ which are located close to the center of the eye
Ganglion cells
The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to
Long and medium wavelength cones making the same photopigment
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision
Our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
____modify the______ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light
Opsins and photopigments
Our chemicals that release energy when struck by light
Photo pigments
Color constancy is the ability to
Recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting
What is responsible for sharpening contrast and visual borders
Lateral inhibition
Cortical area____ appears to be with conscious visual perception occurs
V1
What type of cell response to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field regardless of the exact location of the stimulus
Complex
What is one way to determine whether a given sale in the primary visual cortex is simple or complex
Whether it can respond equally two lines in more than one location
Horizontal sales receive their input _____ from and they send out put two
Rods and cones bipolar cells
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex respond
Bar in a particular orientation
The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to
Magnocellular neurons in the periphery
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain
Lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the
thalamus
Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair
As early as possible
In the visual system the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back-and-forth
thalamus and cortex
In the vertebrate retina which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition
Horizontal cells
The primary visual cortex since it’s information
To area V2
Respond to a particular feature of a stimulus
Feature detectors
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing
Repeating stripes on the flag
Blind sight refers to
The ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field
_____ cells axons make up the optic nerve
Ganglion
Being able to detect fine detail of the color painting with depend most on which type of ganglion cells
Parvocellular
Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from
Bipolar cells that receive input from cones
What is strabismus
A failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time
What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts
Trouble describing the shapes of objects
Which cell respond most strongly to a stimulus leaving perpendicular to its axis
Complex
Astigmatism refers to the
Asymmetric curvature of the eyes
The primary visual cortex is also known as
Striate cortex
Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex
Occipital lobe
The receptive field of a receptor is the
Point in space from which light strikes the receptor
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chasm would result in blindness in
The left eye
The optic nerves from the right and left I initially meet at the
Optic chiasm
The ____ of any neural system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it
Receptive field
In foveal vision
Each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone
Where does the optic nerve send most of it information
To the lateral geniculate
In depth perception different views are received each depending on the distance of the object being viewed what is this called
Retinal disparity
The one additional feature that hyper complex cells have complex cells do not is that hyper complex cells
Have a strong between area and one in its receptive field
The primary visual cortex is also known as the
striate cortex
a person with visual agnosia is unable to
recognize visual objects
once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to
movement
Color constancy is the ability to
recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting
According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors. True or false
false
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition
horizontal cells
Light energy convert 11-cis-retinal to
all-trans-retinal
Astigmatism refers to the
asymmetric curvature of eyes
Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____-
rods and cones, bipolar cells
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best
trichromatic, opponent process
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing
repeating stripes on a flag
Rods are to ____ as cones are to
the periphery, the fovea
As a human, Lino is really good at detecting motion,. This is because of his
no cones in the periphery
As a human, Lino is really good at detecting motion,. This is because of his
no cones in the periphery
What type of cells responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?
Complex
Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
inferior temporal cortex
Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it
may return to the primary visual cortex
Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the
left eye
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for
integrating vision with action
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell
Ganglion cells
To see something with her best vision, Lore turned to look directly at it. This was so she could use her foveal vision. True or false
True
In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages
to bipolar cells within the retina
