Final Exam Flashcards
Mia wants to take a trip, but she is worried about jet lag. What advice would you give her?
Traveling to the west is easier
Professor Rhine tells her class that the pineal gland releases melatonin. True or False
True
Young children are more likely to be “morning people” than older adults. True or False
True
Professor Steinberg tells her class that during normal sleep cycle, a person will progress from ____
stage 1 to 4 at the beginning of the night. Later on, the cycle is stage 1 and 2 and then REM
based on research it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be
Just over 24 hours
Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening. Why?
part of the brain is still asleep
An EEG displays
a net average of all the neurons potentials
A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is
to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from
acting out our dreams
Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would
remain relatively stable
Les will be taking a trip, and he is worried about how to handle his jet lag. What advice would you give him?
He needs to sleep in a dark room
During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body’s large muscles
REM sleep
Gala is studying for a quiz on circadian rhythms. She writes in her notes that the two proteins that influence circadian rhythms by building up during the day and declining during sleep are
PER and TIM
Mose has been told that he sleep walks. When is he more likely to do this?
During SWS
Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill. True or False
True
During REM sleep, the EEG shows
Irregular, low-voltage fast waves
What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams
wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming
A “Zeitgeber” is an
environmental cue that resets a biological clock
Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through
exposure of the eyes to light
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for
Staying awake
The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high concentration is termed
osmotic pressure
Output from the paraventricular nuclear acts on the
Lateral hypothalamus
The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from
receptors round the third ventricle
Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people or normal weight. True or False
True
An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus
Paraventricular
On average, people will bulimia show a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including increased production of
gherlin
Alysia is lactose intolerant. She has a hard time with ___ although she can have small amounts of ____ because it is easier to digest
milk, cheese
Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with
hypovolemic thirst
most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability
metabolizing the sugar in milk
in sham-feeding, animals are
allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach
Small birds generally eat
only what they need at the moment
After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal will most likely
overeat when presented with a sweetened diet
Ivette has been diagnoses with anorexia. her doctors have decided to try a new treatment to address her weight loss itself. they start out by having Ivette
wearing warm clothing or staying in a warm room
What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have
constriction of blood vessels
What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little
they experience decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food
Graig is experiencing hypovolemic thirst. His type of thirst
can be satisfied better by slightly salty water than by pure water
A new set of experiments have shown that people who are overweight have different ____ than people who are not
levels of glucagon
Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure
Angiontensin II
The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring
its own temperature
What evidence exists that the preoptic area controls body temperature
heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating and shivering
which circumstances will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy
a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects
One objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that
in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring
What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures
the sex region Y (SRY) gene
Hormones are capable of inducing long-lasting changes throughout the body. True or False
True
Testosterone levels continue to increase throughout a human male’s lifetime. True or False
False
During orgasm, dopamine has stimulated
D2 Receptors
Refugio’s wife just had a baby. Very likely, his level of testosterone has decreased and prolactin has increased. True or False
True
What happens to a female human fetus exposed to excess testosterone during the sensitive period for genital development.
She will often develop with genitals that have an intermediate appearance.
If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will
still develop into a male
A true hermaphrodite is someone who
has both testicular or ovarian tissue
In humans, testosterone produces its organizing effects on the hypothalamus by itself. True or false
True
Which of the following is not true of hormones and the hypothalamus
in the arcuate nucleus, estradiol increases GABA which is important for female sexual behavior
A woman hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle
ovaries
a more recent study on differences in the INAH3 suggests that compared to heterosexual men, homosexual men have
smaller INAH3 neurons, but a comparable number
Natures default setting is to make every mammals external anatomy
female
in general, men are more jealous of sexual infidelity than women. True or false
True
There are obvious differences in external anatomy of homosexual humans compared to heterosexual humans
False
Katina has just given birth. In addition to hormone changes, she has also had changes in the receptors for estradiol in the
posterior pituitary
Neta is taking antidepressants and has noticed that she has experienced decreased sexual activity. This is because her antidepressants are increasing ____ which blocks ____
serotonin, dopamine
According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effects on
the hypothalamus
The flow of ____ ions across the membrane is controlled by the GABAA complex
chloride
Which of the following is characterized by extreme physiological arousal
panic attack
Dr. Penland works with violent criminals. He has found that those individuals that ___ are more likely to be repeat offenders.
had lower than normal serotonin levels
The classical illness behaviors such as fever, sleepiness, and lack of appetite are caused by
the immune systems production of cytokines
Some cats “play” with a mouse before killing it. How can this kind of behavior best be explained?
A conflict between attach and escape behaviors
The amygdala is part of the the
limbic system
What common measure of fear or anxiety is popular because it can be used with non-humans as well as humans?
the startle response
Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ____, and a fearful expression is faster if it is directed ____
toward you, to the side
Not all children who are abused become violently aggressive in adolescence or adulthood. Of the following, which has been demonstrated to influence violence by these people
Genes regulating monoamine oxidase
Dr. Olney works with mice in her lab. She has seen that the ____ mice are more aggressive likely because their ____ activity levels are lower.
Juvenile, serotonin
Activation of the HPA axis occurs during prolonged stress. True or False
True
Output from the amygdala to the ___ modifies approach and avoidance responses.
Prefrontal cortex
The field of study concerned with how the nervous system interacts with the immune system is known as
psychoneuroimmunology
The amygdala sends axons to the ____, which in turn sends axons to the pons to control the startle reflex
midbrain
The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?
Emotional
Which of the following has been associated with an increased probability of suicide attempts?
Low serotonin turnover
Hans Selye’s defined stress in terms of
the nonspecific response of the body to any demand
The group of forebrain structures that appear to be critical for emotion comprise the
limbic system
Professor Demko is lecturing about the James-Lange theory. She tells her class that humans experience ____ first and then we experience ____
autonomic arousal, emotions
Professor Engebretson is working with rats bred to have low serotonin turnover. These rats are expected to have lower levels of aggression than normal rats. True or false
False
Professor Kunze tells his class that an ____ is the physical representation of what has been learned
amyloid beta plaque
Humans differ from chimpanzees in two genes responsible for ____ transport.
Glucose
Bert would use his striatum when learning information that ____
needs to be integrated over many trials
In instrumental conditioning, an individuals response leads to a reinforcer or punishment. True or False
True
Producing long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system requires ____
a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds.
Habituation and sensitization differ depending upon whether
the response grows weaker or stronger
Hebb believed that short-term memory
was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory
Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP, whereas stimulation by just one produces it weakly, if at all. This is known as the property of ____
cooperativity
Professor tells his class that with regard to intelligence, ____
there are many contributing factors
A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the _____
Morris water maze
In instrumental conditioning, punishment is an
event that decreases the future probability of a response
Professor tells her class that a Hebbian synapse is one that can
decrease its effectiveness as a result of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
After a series of electrical shocks, Cira became over responsive to lights and noises. This exemplifies
sensitization
After his surgery, H.M. had the most difficulty with
being able to define new English words
It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for
associative learning
A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps. True or false.
True
Amyloid is to ____ as tau is to ____
plaques, tangles
Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually, the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the
conditioned stimulus
Crysta is a chronic alcoholic who has developed Korsakoff’s syndrome. She has damaged her neurons in the ____ which sends information to her ____ cortex.
Lateral hypothalamus, prefrontal
A study with London taxi drivers found that answering ____ activated their hippocampus more than answering ____
spatial questions, nonspatial questions
Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the ____
difficulty of defining language
Studies of nonhuman language abilities seem to indicate that human language may have evolved from a precursor that was probably
present in the ancient ancestor from which humans and bonobos evolved
The view that mental processes and certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms is known as
the identity position
which of the following is more likely to be present in people with dyslexia
parts of the right temporal cortex larger than the left
People with right hemisphere damage have particular trouble with tasks that require
spatial processing
the planum temporal is located in the
temporal lobe
