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Physiological Psychology > Ch. 10- Reproductive Behaviors > Flashcards

Ch. 10- Reproductive Behaviors Flashcards

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1
Q

The most effective way to stimulate sexual behavior in a female rodent is to inject her with

A

a combination of estradiol and progesterone

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2
Q

According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on

A

the hypothalamus

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3
Q

Natures default setting is to make every mammals external anatomy what

A

Female

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4
Q

The most widely used in most effective birth control pill is one contains which hormone

A

Both estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth it will

A

Still develop into a male

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6
Q

And organizing affect differs from in activating affect of a hormone in that and organizing effect

A

produces more long-lasting effects

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7
Q

Mullerian ducts are found in

A

female and male fetuses early in development

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8
Q

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is

A

larger in males than in females

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9
Q

in castrated male rats, the medial preoptic area

A

has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of a receptive female does not evoke much release of it

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10
Q

Two major classes of sex hormones are

A

androgens and estrogens

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11
Q

by blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also

A

decrease sexual activity

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12
Q

at what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are NOT on birth control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity

A

during the preiovulatory period

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13
Q

hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior

A

care for newborns during the first few days

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14
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the

A

anterior pituitary

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15
Q

which is true of androgens and estrogens

A

males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts

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16
Q

What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a males

A

a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development

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17
Q

Wolffian ducts are found in

A

female and male fetuses early in development

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18
Q

Sildenafil (Viagra) works by

A

increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis

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19
Q

what hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm

A

oxytocin

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20
Q

which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones

A

whether an organism develops as male or female

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21
Q

If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her

A

pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones

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22
Q

pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor

A

serotonin 3

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23
Q

during the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland

A

pituitary

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24
Q

one way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____

A

increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

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25
Q

in the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a

A

sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone

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26
Q

in one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were

A

more masculine in appearance

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27
Q

In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by

A

estradiol

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28
Q

a means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing

A

testosterone levels

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29
Q

steroid hormones produce their effects by

A

entering cells and affecting gene expression

30
Q

Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is

A

bound to alpha-fetoprotein

31
Q

Male sexual behavior depend heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance

A

dopamine

32
Q

Genetic males with testicular feminization androgen insensitivity developed looking and acting female this condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which affect

A

It prevents testosterone from having as usual affects

33
Q

Which hormone is likely to be found more abundantly in females than males

A

Estrogens

34
Q

Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates

A

Orgasm

35
Q

In comparison to activating effects organizing effects of hormones take place

A

Earlier in life and produce more long lasting affects

36
Q

Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development

A

Mullerian inhibiting hormone

37
Q

How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures

A

Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Mullerian structures

38
Q

What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male regardless of its chromosomes

A

Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development

39
Q

what causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures

A

the sex region Y 9SRY) gene

40
Q

The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak

A

around the time of ovulation

41
Q

Which hormone is likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females

A

androgens

42
Q

the sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the

A

anterior hypothalamus

43
Q

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by

A

interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary

44
Q

The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is

A

progesterone

45
Q

A woman hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle

A

ovaries

46
Q

what determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals

A

the amount of testosterone during prenatal development

47
Q

One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects

A

are shorter term

48
Q

many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden

A

surge of prolactin and oxytocin

49
Q

which of the following best illustrates the organizing effects of sex hormones

A

masculinization of the brain

50
Q

the estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes not feminizes its development because it

A

is prevented from entering developing cells

51
Q

decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity

A

testosterone

52
Q

the interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than

A

twice as large in heterosexual men as in women

53
Q

what measureable differences are apparently related to homosexual versus heterosexual orientation in adult men

A

the size of certain parts of their hypothalamus

54
Q

what is one current recommendation for raising children who have intersex conditions

A

identify the child as male or female based mainly on the predominant external appearance

55
Q

of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, which is the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality

A

prenatal testosterone levels were low during some sensitive period

56
Q

if a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring

A

the genetic males become responsive to male partners

57
Q

a true hermaphrodite is someone who

A

has both testicular and ovarian tissue

58
Q

gender identity can be defined as

A

the sex one identifies with and calls oneself

59
Q

which circumstance will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy

A

a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects

60
Q

when examining the data on sexual orientation of twins and other siblings, what seems to be the most reasonable conclusions

A

sexual orientation is determined by genetics as well as other factors

61
Q

what would cause a genetic male to develop a partly masculinized anatomy

A

exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period

62
Q

at this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are

A

lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them

63
Q

a hermaphrodite is an individual

A

whose gentian anatomy is intermediate between male and female

64
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases

A

too little cortisol

65
Q

what were the findings of a study of CAH girls in adolescence

A

they read more sports magazines than the average for other teenage girls

66
Q

some studies have linked male homosexuality to having a greater number of

A

older brothers

67
Q

which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate

A

earning potential

68
Q

one objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that

A

in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring

69
Q

certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female. This condition is known as

A

androgen insensitivity

70
Q

what conclusion can be drawn from the unusual gender identity cases from the Dominican Republic

A

Early childrearing experiences are not the sole determinant of gender identity

71
Q

a more recent study on differences in the INAH3 suggests that compared to here sexual men, homosexual men have

A

smaller INAH3 neurons, but a comparable number

72
Q

sex differences are to _____ as gender differences are to

A

anatomy, behaviors

Physiological Psychology (15 decks)

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