Ch. 10- Reproductive Behaviors Flashcards
The most effective way to stimulate sexual behavior in a female rodent is to inject her with
a combination of estradiol and progesterone
According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on
the hypothalamus
Natures default setting is to make every mammals external anatomy what
Female
The most widely used in most effective birth control pill is one contains which hormone
Both estrogen and progesterone
If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth it will
Still develop into a male
And organizing affect differs from in activating affect of a hormone in that and organizing effect
produces more long-lasting effects
Mullerian ducts are found in
female and male fetuses early in development
The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is
larger in males than in females
in castrated male rats, the medial preoptic area
has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of a receptive female does not evoke much release of it
Two major classes of sex hormones are
androgens and estrogens
by blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also
decrease sexual activity
at what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are NOT on birth control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity
during the preiovulatory period
hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior
care for newborns during the first few days
follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the
anterior pituitary
which is true of androgens and estrogens
males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a males
a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
Wolffian ducts are found in
female and male fetuses early in development
Sildenafil (Viagra) works by
increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis
what hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm
oxytocin
which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones
whether an organism develops as male or female
If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her
pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones
pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor
serotonin 3
during the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland
pituitary
one way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____
increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area
in the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a
sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone
in one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were
more masculine in appearance
In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by
estradiol
a means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing
testosterone levels
steroid hormones produce their effects by
entering cells and affecting gene expression
Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is
bound to alpha-fetoprotein
Male sexual behavior depend heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance
dopamine
Genetic males with testicular feminization androgen insensitivity developed looking and acting female this condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which affect
It prevents testosterone from having as usual affects
Which hormone is likely to be found more abundantly in females than males
Estrogens
Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates
Orgasm
In comparison to activating effects organizing effects of hormones take place
Earlier in life and produce more long lasting affects
Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development
Mullerian inhibiting hormone
How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures
Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Mullerian structures
What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male regardless of its chromosomes
Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
what causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures
the sex region Y 9SRY) gene
The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak
around the time of ovulation
Which hormone is likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females
androgens
the sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the
anterior hypothalamus
Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by
interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is
progesterone
A woman hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle
ovaries
what determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals
the amount of testosterone during prenatal development
One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects
are shorter term
many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden
surge of prolactin and oxytocin
which of the following best illustrates the organizing effects of sex hormones
masculinization of the brain
the estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes not feminizes its development because it
is prevented from entering developing cells
decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity
testosterone
the interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than
twice as large in heterosexual men as in women
what measureable differences are apparently related to homosexual versus heterosexual orientation in adult men
the size of certain parts of their hypothalamus
what is one current recommendation for raising children who have intersex conditions
identify the child as male or female based mainly on the predominant external appearance
of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, which is the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality
prenatal testosterone levels were low during some sensitive period
if a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring
the genetic males become responsive to male partners
a true hermaphrodite is someone who
has both testicular and ovarian tissue
gender identity can be defined as
the sex one identifies with and calls oneself
which circumstance will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy
a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects
when examining the data on sexual orientation of twins and other siblings, what seems to be the most reasonable conclusions
sexual orientation is determined by genetics as well as other factors
what would cause a genetic male to develop a partly masculinized anatomy
exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period
at this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are
lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them
a hermaphrodite is an individual
whose gentian anatomy is intermediate between male and female
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases
too little cortisol
what were the findings of a study of CAH girls in adolescence
they read more sports magazines than the average for other teenage girls
some studies have linked male homosexuality to having a greater number of
older brothers
which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate
earning potential
one objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that
in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring
certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female. This condition is known as
androgen insensitivity
what conclusion can be drawn from the unusual gender identity cases from the Dominican Republic
Early childrearing experiences are not the sole determinant of gender identity
a more recent study on differences in the INAH3 suggests that compared to here sexual men, homosexual men have
smaller INAH3 neurons, but a comparable number
sex differences are to _____ as gender differences are to
anatomy, behaviors
