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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 2-a > Flashcards

Chapter 2-a Flashcards

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1
Q

Depolarization is to ______ as hyperpolarization is to _____

A

Excitation inhibition

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2
Q

Increased permeability to which type of ion would most likely result in an IPSP

A

Potassium

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3
Q

A certain week stimulus produces no reflexive response but a rapid repetition of that stimulus may produce such a response what is this phenomenon called

A

Temporal summation

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4
Q

What is the primary difference between temporal summation and spatial summation

A

Spatial summation depends on contributions from more than one sensory neuron

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5
Q

The spontaneous firing rate of a neuron refers to

A

It’s rate of producing action potential’s even when it is not stimulated

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6
Q

Specialized junctions between neurons are called

A

Synapses

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7
Q

The decision for a neuron to fire is determined by the

A

Ratio of EPSP two IPSP

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8
Q

What determines whether a neuron has an action potential

A

The combined effects of EPSP and IPSP

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9
Q

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called

A

The reflex arc

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10
Q

Temporal summation most likely occurs with

A

Rapid succession of sub threshold excitation

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11
Q

Spatial summation refers to

A

Multiple week stimulation is that occur at the same time

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12
Q

To measure temporal summation in single cells researchers

A

Record depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron

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13
Q

A normal healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and the extensor muscles of the same leg at the same time why not

A

When the interneuron sends excitatory messages to one inhibitory messages go to the other

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14
Q

A graded depolarization is known as an

A

EPSP

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15
Q

Even at rest most neurons have periodic production of action potential’s known as the

A

Spontaneous firing rate

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16
Q

What do temporal and spatial summation have in common

A

Both in able a reflex to occur in response to week stimuli

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17
Q

What is the proper ordering of a reflex arc

A

Sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron

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18
Q

Which process will most likely result in an IPSP

A

Chloride ions entering the cell

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19
Q

Which statement is true about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons

A

EPSPs increase the frequency

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20
Q

Inhibitory synapses of a neuron

A

Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell

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21
Q

An EPSP is to _____ as an IPSP is to ______

A

Depolarization hyperpolarization

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22
Q

Which statement is true of EPSP

A

They decay over time and space

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23
Q

What causes and EPSP

A

The opening of sodium channels

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24
Q

In a reflex arc the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by

A

Interneurons

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25
Q

When a vertebrate animal contract the flexor muscles of a leg it relaxes the extensor muscles of the same leg Sherrington consider this evidence for the existence of

A

Inhibitory messages

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26
Q

Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon

A

Transmission between neurons at synapses is lower than a long axons

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27
Q

On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred

A

Behavioral observations

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28
Q

Sherrington deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an axon. This was based on what kind of evidence

A

The speed of reflexive responses

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29
Q

Temporal summation is to ______ as spatial summation is to ______

A

Time location

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30
Q

The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that

A

EPSP are sub threshold events that decay over time and space

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31
Q

A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an

A

IPSP

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32
Q

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening what kind of channels in the axon terminal

A

Calcium

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33
Q

Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the

A

Dendrites

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34
Q

Which event is most likely to be dependent on inotropic effects

A

Rapid muscle contraction

35
Q

Inotropic events

A

May Depol arise or hyperpolarized the postsynaptic membrane

36
Q

The anterior pituitary is composed of and the posterior pituitary is composed of

A

Glandular tissue neural tissue

37
Q

Hormones exert their effects

A

Similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters

38
Q

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell

A

Calcium into the cell

39
Q

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in

A

Vesicles

40
Q

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ______ and released in the ______

A

Hypothalamus anterior pituitary

41
Q

Which term to refer to a chemical that binds to another chemical

A

Ligand

42
Q

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are

A

Amino acids

43
Q

The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

44
Q

A metabotropic synapse by way of that second messenger

A

Can influence activity in March or all of the postsynaptic cells

45
Q

A neuron excretes neurotransmitters through its membrane by a process called

A

Exocytosis

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by stimulated neurons to dilate the blood vessels

A

Nitric oxide

47
Q

Compared to inotropic effects Metabotrophic effects are

A

Slower and longer lasting

48
Q

The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is

A

Diffusion

49
Q

A hormone is a chemical that is

A

Conveyed by the blood to other organs his activity it influences

50
Q

What happens when I neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell

A

The neurotransmitter passably spreads across the synaptic cleft

51
Q

ACTH control secretions of the

A

Adrenal cortex

52
Q

What do dopamine norepinephrine and epinephrine share in common

A

They are all synthesized from the same amino acids

53
Q

Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals by

A

Collecting fluid for my stimulated frogs heart transferring it to another frogs heart and measuring that heart rate

54
Q

What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters

A

It is a gas

55
Q

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that

A

It can send more complex messages

56
Q

What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell

A

It is broken down into two components

57
Q

You were eating a food containing tryptophan what can you consume with it to increase its entry to the brain

A

Carbohydrates

58
Q

Transporter proteins transport neurotransmitters to

A

Back into the presynaptic neuron

59
Q

Autoreceptors monitor the

A

Amount of neurotransmitter released

60
Q

A drug that inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase will have the effect of

A

prolonging the action of acetylcholine at its synapses

61
Q

IN addition to influencing other neurons, ____ increases blood flow to a specific area of the brain

A

Nitric Oxide

62
Q

Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission is still relatively fast because

A

the synaptic cleft is very narrow

63
Q

Avoiding foods with lecithin, such as eggs and peanuts, would affect the levels of which neurotransmitter the most

A

actylecholine

64
Q

Vesicles are located in the

A

presynaptic terminals

65
Q

The catecholamines include

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

66
Q

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the

A

cell body.

67
Q

which category of chemicals includes adenosine and several of its derivatives

A

purines

68
Q

COMT and MAO are

A

enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals

69
Q

Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to _____ inside the membrane

A

Neurotransmitters, g-proteins

70
Q

“second messengers” carry their messages to

A

areas within the postsynaptic cell

71
Q

Activation of autoreceptors tends to

A

decrease further neurotransmitter release

72
Q

Ionotropic effects are characterized by

A

rapid and short lived effects

73
Q

the effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the

A

receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

74
Q

In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitters and can respond to ____ neurotransmitters

A

several, many

75
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the post synaptic neuron

76
Q

Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this?

A

inotropic

77
Q

A receptor can directly open a channel and thereby exert an ____ effect, or it can produce slower but longer ____

A

ionotropic. metabotropic

78
Q

Which one of Sherrington’s inferences about the synapse was WRONG?

A

Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process

79
Q

Which process is more typical of a metabotropic effect than an ionotropic effect?​

A

producing long-lasting effects on the post-synaptic cell

80
Q

the neuron that receives the message is called the

A

postsynaptic

81
Q

Professor Deshon is lecturing about EPSPs and IPSPs. He tells the class that in order to produce an IPSP, there needs to be an increase in permeability for

A

chloride

82
Q

Nitric Oxide can function as a hormone? True or False

A

false

83
Q

An EPSP is to ____ as an IPSP is to _____

A

Depolarization, hyperpolarization

Physiological Psychology (15 decks)

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