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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons communicate with each other using both ____ and ____.

A

action potential; neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Dr. Sherrington was able to demonstrate the concept of a synapse by studying ____.

A

reflexes

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3
Q

Repeated stimuli can have a cumulative effect and can produce a nerve impulse when a single stimuli is too weak as a result of ____.

A

temporal summation

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4
Q

Sherrington demonstrated that spinach cord interneurons could produce an excitatory message (called an _____) or an inhibitory message (called an ____) within the muscles.

A

EPSP; IPSP

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5
Q

Based on his work with frog hearts, Dr. Loewi concluded that nerves send messages by ____.

A

releasing chemicals

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in ____ at the end of axons until they are released into ____.

A

the vesicles; the synapse

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7
Q

Which of the following is a monoamine neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

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8
Q

____ receptors function when a neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor and immediately opens ion channels

A

inotropic

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9
Q

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into ____

A

acetate and choline

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10
Q

Dr. West has diabetes. As such, she needs to take the hormone ____ since her ____ does not produce enough of its own.

A

insulin; pancreas

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11
Q

What is a synapse

A

the space between sending and receiving neurons

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12
Q

What is an example of a modified amino acid?

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

where is acetylcholine synthesized and abundantly found?

A

synthesized from choline and found in milk, eggs and peanuts

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14
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

breaks acetylcholine into two parts; acetate and choline

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15
Q

what happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks it into smaller molecules; acetate and choline, when are then reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminals

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16
Q

Many chemicals are used as neurotransmitters most of which are what or derived from where?

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

How do amphetamine and cocaine influence synapses?

A

They block reuptake of released dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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18
Q

What is anandamide

A

a reverse transmitter

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19
Q

what hormones are synthesized in the anterior pituitary

A

TSH, Luteinizing hormone, FSH, ACTH, Prolactin, Growth hormone

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20
Q

what are autoreceptors

A

receptors that respond to released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release

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21
Q

how do cannabinoids affect neurons?

A

attach to receptors on the presynaptic neurons, where they inhibit further release of both glutamate and GABA

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22
Q

In what way do cannabinoids differ from other drugs that affect the nervous system?

A

they act on the presynaptic neuron

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23
Q

what are catecholamines

A

contain a catechol group and an amine group

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24
Q

name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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25
Q

what happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

A

most serotonin and catecholamine molecules are reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal. Some of their molecules are broken down into inactive chemicals, which they diffuse away.

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26
Q

what does cocaine do to the neurotransmitters

A

blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters

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27
Q

what happens when stimulant drugs increase the accumulation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft?

A

COMT breaks down the excess dopamine faster than the presynaptic cell can replace it

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28
Q

what does COMT stand for?

A

catechol-o-methyltransferase

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29
Q

What is EPSP?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential and is a grade depolarization

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30
Q

what ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSP?

A

Sodium gates open

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31
Q

What is the relationship between EPSP and action potentials

A

EPSPs increase the frequency of action potentials

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32
Q

what is exocytosis

A

bursts of release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron

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33
Q

what is a gap junction?

A

at an electrical synapse where the membrane of one neuron comes into direct contact with the membrane of another neuron

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34
Q

what is the result of a G protein

A

an increased concentration of a second messenger

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35
Q

what is a G protein

A

a protein that is coupled to a guanosine triphosphate, an energy-storing molecule

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitters are gases

A

NO (nitric oxide), maybe others

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37
Q

what do hallucinogenic drugs resemble

A

serotonin

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38
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and covered by the blood to influence the other cells

39
Q

what is an IPSP

A

a temporary hyper polarization of a membrane

40
Q

what is the relationship between IPSP and action potentials

A

IPSPs decrease the frequency of action potentials

41
Q

in the membrane of a neuron, what happens during an IPSP

A

the potassium or chloride gates open

42
Q

what is an inotropic effect

A

synaptic effects that depend on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane

43
Q

what do inotropic effects depend on

A

glutamate or GABA

44
Q

are inotropic effects fast or slow

A

they are fast and brief

45
Q

what are ligand-gated channels

A

channels that open when a neurotransmitter attaches

46
Q

what does MAO mean

A

monoamine oxidase

47
Q

what happens when you block MAO

A

you increase the brains supply of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

48
Q

What does MAO do in the brain

A

it covers catecholamine transmitters into inactive chemicals

49
Q

what is a metabotropic effect

A

a sequence of metabolic reactions that produce slow and long lasting effects at the synapse

50
Q

what is methylphenidate

A

stimulant drug prescribed for ADHD that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron

51
Q

what are monoamines

A

chemicals formed by a change in certain amino acids

52
Q

what are some examples of monoamines

A

indoleamines: serotonin
catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

53
Q

what is a neuromodulator

A

chains of amino acids

54
Q

what are neuropeptides

A

chains of amino acids

55
Q

what are some examples of neuropeptides

A

endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y, many others

56
Q

what is required for neuropeptide release

A

repeated stimulation

57
Q

what diffuses widely, slowly affecting many neurons in their region of the brain

A

neuropeptides

58
Q

what is important for hunger, thirst, and other long term changes in behavior and experience

A

neuropeptides

59
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons

60
Q

what is nicotine

A

a stimulant drug that stimulates certain acetylcholine receptors

61
Q

what does nicotine increase

A

dopamine release

62
Q

what is nitric oxide

A

a gas released by many small local neurons

63
Q

what does nitric oxide do

A

dilates the nearby blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to that brain area

64
Q

what is oxytocin

A

a hormone released by posterior pituitary; important for sexual and parental behaviors

65
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

uterine contractions, milk release, sexual pleasure

66
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

hormones composed of short chains of amino acids

67
Q

what do peptide hormones do

A

they attach to membrane receptors, where they activate a second messenger within the cell

68
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

vasopression and oxytocin

69
Q

What is composed of neural tissue as opposed to glandular tissue

A

posterior pituitary

70
Q

what is the posterior pituitary

A

portion of the pituitary gland, which releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

71
Q

what is a presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that delivers transmission to another neuron

72
Q

what are protein hormones

A

hormones composed of long chains of amino acids

73
Q

what two types of hormones are there

A

protein and peptide

74
Q

what are the neurotransmitters that are purines

A

ATP, adenosine, maybe others

75
Q

what are purines

A

a category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives

76
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

a circuit form sensory neuron to muscle response

77
Q

what are three properties of reflexes

A
  1. slower than conduction
  2. several weak stimuli produce stronger reflex than just one
  3. one set of muscles gets excited another set relaxes
78
Q

what are reflexes

A

automatic muscular responses to stimuli

79
Q

what is a releasing hormone

A

a hormone released by the hypothalamus that flows through the blood to the anterior pituitary

80
Q

what do releasing hormones do

A

they stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones

81
Q

what is reuptake

A

reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal

82
Q

where does reuptake take place

A

through special membranes called transporters

83
Q

What is a second messenger

A

a chemical that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, initiates

84
Q

which type of synapse relies on second messengers

A

metabotropic synapse

85
Q

what is spatial summation

A

combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron

86
Q

Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinches at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what

A

spatial summation

87
Q

what is the difference between temporal and spatial summation

A

temporal summation is the combined effect of quickly repeated stimulation at a single synapse. Spatial summation is the combined effect of several nearby stimulation’s at several synapses onto one neuron

88
Q

what is spontaneous firing rate

A

a periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input

89
Q

what is a synapse

A

a specialized gap as a point of communication between two neurons

90
Q

what is temporal summation

A

a cumulative effect of repeated stimuli within a brief time

91
Q

Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, a rapid sequence of pinches did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?

A

temporal summation

92
Q

what are transmitter-gated channels

A

ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it

93
Q

what is a transporter

A

special membrane protein where reuptake occurs in the neurotransmitter binds to it

Physiological Psychology (15 decks)

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