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physiological psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does the brain need thiamine

A

To enable it to metabolize glucose

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2
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is a

A

Network of then tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins

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3
Q

_____ In the brain and spinal cord and _____ in the periphery are specialized tubes of glia that build the myelin sheath that surround neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

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4
Q

Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervous system

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity of axons

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

Korsakoffs syndrome _____

A

Is marked by severe memory impairments

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7
Q

Why do neurons rely so heavily on glucose as their source of nutrition

A

Other fuels do not readily cross the blood brain barrier

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8
Q

The major disadvantage of a blood brain barrier is that

A

Certain required chemicals must be actively transported

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9
Q

Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport

A

Active transport

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10
Q

Chemicals are released by axons

A

Into the junction between neurons

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11
Q

The insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons is called the

A

Myelin sheath

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12
Q

If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand you would quickly pull your hand away. the information Carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by

A

Efferent neurons

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13
Q

Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their

A

shape

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14
Q

Ribosomes are the part of the cell that

A

Synthesizes new proteins

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Are branching fibers that getting narrower near their ends

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16
Q

Water oxygen and ______ most freely flow across a cell membrane

A

Carbon dioxide

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17
Q

If all of the neurons dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord it would be considered an ______ neuron

A

Intrinsic

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18
Q

Which type of glia release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons

A

Astrocytes

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19
Q

An axon has many branches each of which swells edits tip these are known as

A

Presynaptic terminal’s

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20
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are

A

Gaps in the Myelin of axons

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21
Q

A presynaptic terminal is also known as

A

And and bulb

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22
Q

Glial cells whose function most closely resembles that of the immune system are called

A

Microglia

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23
Q

Small charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through

A

Protein channels

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24
Q

Glial cells

A

Are smaller but more numerous than neurons in the human brain

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25
Q

What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of the neurons membrane relative to the outside

A

-70 mV

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26
Q

The virus that manages to cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain

A

It remains there and may cause negative affects several years later

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27
Q

Which type of glia build myelin and sheath around axons in the periphery of the body

A

Schwann cells

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28
Q

Neurons typically have one _____ but many _____

A

Axon, dendrites

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29
Q

What type of neurons in the pons receive information only from other cells in the pons and send information only to other cells in the pons

A

Intrinsic

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30
Q

Radial glia

A

Guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development

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31
Q

As compared to dendrites axons usually

A

Are covered with Myelin

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32
Q

The surface of the dendrite is lined with specialized junctions through which the dendrite receives information from other neurons what are these junctions called

A

Synaptic receptors

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33
Q

Molecules that can cross the blood brain barrier are usually

A

Molecules that can dissolve and the fact of the capillary walls

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34
Q

As a general rule axons convey information

A

Away from their own cell body

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35
Q

What do neurons have the other cells do not

A

Large branching extensions

36
Q

The structure that contains the cells chromosomes is called the

A

Nucleus

37
Q

The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are

A

Neurons and Glia

38
Q

Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spine that

A

Increase the surface area available for synapses

39
Q

The membrane of a neuron is composed of ____ with _____ embedded in them

A

Fat molecules proteins

40
Q

What mechanism events or slow some chemicals from entering the brain while allowing others to enter

A

The blood brain barrier

41
Q

The cell membrane is composed of two layers of

A

Fat

42
Q

What leads to Korsakoff syndrome

A

thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism

43
Q

What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons

A

Glucose

44
Q

The branching fibers that form the information receiving pole of the nerve cells are called

A

Dendrites

45
Q

What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flower around one another

A

The membrane

46
Q

What type of glial cells Myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord

A

Oligodendrocytes

47
Q

The idea that a neurons membrane is polarized refers to a difference in electrical potential between

A

The inside and the outside of the membrane

48
Q

The net effect of each cycle of the sodium potassium pump is to

A

Decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell

49
Q

Which of the following is the advantage of having a resting potential

A

The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus

50
Q

The function of a myelin sheath is too

A

Increase the velocity of transmission along an axon

51
Q

In the normal course of an action potential

A

Sodium remains much more concentrated outside than inside the neuron

52
Q

Electrical gradient lead to the

A

Movement of ions to areas heavy opposite electrical charges

53
Q

Which of the following describes the transmission of information in a local neuron

A

The signal decreases in strength as it travels

54
Q

What term describes the difference in voltage that typically exist between the inside and the outside of the neuron

A

Resting potential

55
Q

When a neuron is at rest what is primarily responsible for moving potassium ions into the cell

A

Both the sodium potassium pump and electrical gradient

56
Q

Which event will increase the concentration gradient of sodium

A

Increasing activity of the sodium potassium pump

57
Q

The speed of an action potential done and on myelinated axon is best described as

A

Faster in thick axons then in thin one

58
Q

Voltage activated channels are channel for which I change in the voltage across the membrane alters there

A

Permeability

59
Q

What occurs when a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential doing more negative potential

A

Hyperpolarization

60
Q

The resting potential is mainly the result of

A

Negatively charged proteins inside the cell

61
Q

When I neurons membrane is at rest the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ______ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it _____ the cell

A

Into into

62
Q

The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the

A

Refractory period

63
Q

At what point do the sodium gates begin to close shutting out further entry of sodium into the cell

A

At the peak of the action potential

64
Q

A drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron’s membrane will

A

Block the action potential

65
Q

The concentration gradient refers to the

A

Difference in distribution for various ions between the inside and out side of the membrane

66
Q

At the peak of the action potential the electrical gradient of potassium

A

Pushes potassium out of the cell

67
Q

What causes potassium ions to leave the axon just after the peak of the action potential

A

Continuing concentration gradient in the opening of the potassium gates

68
Q

What is one major cause for the resting potential of a neuron’s membrane

A

The sodium potassium pump

69
Q

What occurs when depolarization is less than the cells threshold

A

Sodium crosses the membrane only slightly more than usual

70
Q

Local anesthetic drugs attached to the sodium channels of the membrane which

A

Prevents sodium ions from entering and stopping action potential

71
Q

The neuron will produce an action potential only if the depolarization exceeds the

A

Threshold of excitation

72
Q

Under which conditions were the sodium potassium pump likely be far less if active in creating a concentration gradient

A

If selective permeability of the membrane did not exist

73
Q

The action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions

A

Sodium ions entering the cell

74
Q

Ordinarily stimulation of a neuron takes place

A

At the synapse

75
Q

When the neuronal membrane is it rest the potassium leak channels

A

Permit potassium ions to pass slowly

76
Q

After the peak of an action potential with prevent sodium ions from continuing to enter the cell

A

The sodium gates in the membrane close

77
Q

The resting potential of a neuron refers to the

A

Net negative charge of the inside of the neuron

78
Q

When the neuronal membrane is it rest the sodium channels

A

Are closed so there’s almost no flow of sodium

79
Q

According to the all or non-law

A

Once an axon reaches threshold the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time

80
Q

Which action with depolarize a neuron

A

Increasing membrane permeability to sodium

81
Q

The all or none law states that

A

A neuron produces an action potential of maximal strength or not at all

82
Q

When I neurons membrane is at rest the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ______ the cell

A

Out of, into

83
Q

When I membrane is at rest what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell

A

Both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

84
Q

Which of the following describes selective permeability

A

Only certain molecules are allowed to cross the membrane freely

85
Q

What action tends to open the sodium gates across a neuron’s membrane

A

Depolarization of the membrane

physiological psychology (15 decks)

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