Microbiome in Infectious Disease: Allies and Adversaries

Question 1

What is the microbiome

Answer 1

Collection of microbes or microorganisms that inhabit an enviornment

Question 2

What is gnotobiosis

Answer 2

A condition in which all the forms of life present within an organism can be accounted for

Question 3

T/F: Gnotobiotic organisms are usually germ-free

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is dysbiosis

Answer 4

Microbial imbalance or maladaption on or inside the body

Question 5

What is a probiotic

Answer 5

Microoorganisms that have health benefits when consumed

Question 6

What is a prebiotic

Answer 6

Non-living, non digestible carbohydrates that stimulate the healthy metabolism of gut microbiota

Question 7

What is fecal microbiota transplantation

Answer 7

introduction of a fecal suspension derived from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a diseased individual

Question 8

T/F: Microbial diversity is only different between individuals

Answer 8

False: There is significant microbial diversity between body sites and individuals

Question 9

What are the two main phyla that make up the gut microbiota

Answer 9

Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes

Question 10

What are the roles of bacteria that act mutual in host-microbe

Answer 10

Production of beneficial metabolites, vitamin synthesis, resistance against invading pathogens, maturation of mucosal immune cells and system

Question 11

What are the most beneficial metabolites produced in host-microbial mutalism

Answer 11

short chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate)

Question 12

What two prescription drugs, besides antibiotcs, can affect the microbiome

Answer 12

Statins and PPIs

Question 13

What are factors that can increase Atopy and wheezing in children

Answer 13

Antibiotic exposure in the first year, Atopic dermatitis at year 1

Question 14

What are modifiable risk factors for getting a clostridium difficile infection

Answer 14

Broadspectrum antibiotics and PPIs

Question 15

Why is the risk of having recurrent Clostridium difficile infection pertinent

Answer 15

There is regrowth of vegetative bacteria from spores that are resistant to antibiotics

Question 16

What is the rational of having fecal microbiota transplantation

Answer 16

re-introduce a complete and stable community of gut microbial communities in order to repair or replace disrupted native microbiota

Question 17

What is the overall cure rate of fecal microbiota transplantation

Answer 17

85%

Question 18

What is the rationale of using fecal microbiota transplantation in agriculutre

Answer 18

Reduce the expression of antibiotic resistance genes in animals when using broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 19

As per the FDA what are fecal microbiota transplantations indicated for

Answer 19

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

Question 20

What are the prominent types of probiotics

Answer 20

lactic acid bacteria, non-lactic bacteria, non-pathogenic yeast

Question 21

T/F: There are no approved medical indications for probiotics so they cannot claim to treat, mitigate, cure, or prevent a disease

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What are the two most common probiotics

Answer 22

bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus

Question 23

What are the main metabolites of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus

Answer 23

acetic acid, lactic acid and secondary bile acids/ Lactic acid and secondary bile acids

Question 24

Why are probiotics not used after antibiotic associated diarrhea

Answer 24

A study showed that taking probiotics after antibotic associated diarrhea did not cause an improvement over FMT or 5 to 6 months later