Microbiome in Infectious Disease: Allies and Adversaries Flashcards
What is the microbiome
Collection of microbes or microorganisms that inhabit an enviornment
What is gnotobiosis
A condition in which all the forms of life present within an organism can be accounted for
T/F: Gnotobiotic organisms are usually germ-free
True
What is dysbiosis
Microbial imbalance or maladaption on or inside the body
What is a probiotic
Microoorganisms that have health benefits when consumed
What is a prebiotic
Non-living, non digestible carbohydrates that stimulate the healthy metabolism of gut microbiota
What is fecal microbiota transplantation
introduction of a fecal suspension derived from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a diseased individual
T/F: Microbial diversity is only different between individuals
False: There is significant microbial diversity between body sites and individuals
What are the two main phyla that make up the gut microbiota
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes
What are the roles of bacteria that act mutual in host-microbe
Production of beneficial metabolites, vitamin synthesis, resistance against invading pathogens, maturation of mucosal immune cells and system
What are the most beneficial metabolites produced in host-microbial mutalism
short chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate)
What two prescription drugs, besides antibiotcs, can affect the microbiome
Statins and PPIs
What are factors that can increase Atopy and wheezing in children
Antibiotic exposure in the first year, Atopic dermatitis at year 1
What are modifiable risk factors for getting a clostridium difficile infection
Broadspectrum antibiotics and PPIs
Why is the risk of having recurrent Clostridium difficile infection pertinent
There is regrowth of vegetative bacteria from spores that are resistant to antibiotics
What is the rational of having fecal microbiota transplantation
re-introduce a complete and stable community of gut microbial communities in order to repair or replace disrupted native microbiota
What is the overall cure rate of fecal microbiota transplantation
85%
What is the rationale of using fecal microbiota transplantation in agriculutre
Reduce the expression of antibiotic resistance genes in animals when using broad spectrum antibiotics
As per the FDA what are fecal microbiota transplantations indicated for
Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
What are the prominent types of probiotics
lactic acid bacteria, non-lactic bacteria, non-pathogenic yeast
T/F: There are no approved medical indications for probiotics so they cannot claim to treat, mitigate, cure, or prevent a disease
True
What are the two most common probiotics
bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus
What are the main metabolites of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus
acetic acid, lactic acid and secondary bile acids/ Lactic acid and secondary bile acids
Why are probiotics not used after antibiotic associated diarrhea
A study showed that taking probiotics after antibotic associated diarrhea did not cause an improvement over FMT or 5 to 6 months later
