Microbiology Flashcards
What is bacterial vaginosis?
Imbalance of normal flora
Replacement of normal flora with Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria
How is bacterial vaginosis treated?
Not treated unless pregnant
Metronidazole
What pathogen causes chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Which serovars of chlamydia cause eye infection?
A B C
Which serovars of chlamydia cause genital infection?
D to K
How is chlamydia tested for?
NAATs and PCR from swab
How is chlamydia treated?
100mg doxycycline BD 7 days
or
1g azithro then 500mg for 2 days
What pathogen causes gonorrhoea?
Neisseria gonorrahoeae
How is gonorrhoea investigated?
NAATs and PCR
Microscopy
Culture
How is gonorrhoea treated?
Ceftriaxone IM
Oral azithromycin
In which STI is a test of cure recommended?
Gonorrhoea
Which pathogen causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
How is syphilis investigated?
PCR and blood test
What is a chancre?
Painless ulcer which appears in syphilis
Spontaneously resolves
Other than sexually, how can syphilis be transmitted?
Saliva
Physical contact
How is syphilis treated?
Penicillin
Which parasites cause pubic lice?
Phthirus pubis
Which STIs can cause urethritis?
Chlamydia and gonorrhoea
What should be suspected in tenesmus and rectal bleeding in MSM?
Lymphogranuloma venereum (serovars L1-L3 of chlamydia)
Which antibiotic is given for prostatitis?
Ciprofloxacin
Trimethoprim if high risk of C Diff
Which organisms may be found in normal vaginal flora?
Lactobacillus
Strep viridans
GBHS
Candida
Which pathogens cause thrush?
Candida
Give examples of predisposing factors for candida infection?
Recent antibiotic therapy
High oestrogen
Poorly controlled diabetes
Immunocompromise
How does candida infection present?
Intensely itchy white vaginal discharge
How is candida infection diagnosed?
Clinical diagnosis
How is candida infection treated?
Topical clotrimazole
Oral fluconazole
How is bacterial vaginosis tested for ?
Microscopically examined for clue cells
with clinical suspicion and raised pH
How does bacterial prostatitis present?
UTI symptoms Lower abdo pain Perineal pain Penile pain Tender prostate
Which pathogens cause bacterial prostatitis?
E coli. and coliforms
Entercoccus
Gonorrhoea
Chlamydia
How is bacterial prostatitis diagnosed?
Mid stream urine sample
Culture & sensitivity
Which samples are sent to be tested for chlamydia and gonorrhoea?
Male - first pass urine
Female - vulvovaginal swab
Rectal and throat swabs
Eye swabs
What are the advantages of PCR and NAATs?
Less invasive
More sensitive
Positive with dead organisms
Quicker
What are the disadvantages of PCR and NAATs?
Can’t test antibiotic sensitivities
Have to wait 5 weeks for test of cure
Which virus causes genital warts?
HPV 6 & 11
How are genital warts treated?
Cryotherapy
Podophyllotoxin cream/lotion
What causes genital herpes?
HSV 1 and 2
How is genital herpes spread?
Genital - genital
Genital - oropharyngeal
Where does HSV replicate?
Dermis and epidermis then into nerve endings
Where does HSV migrate to after the dermis?
Sacral root ganglion and “hides” from immune system
How do genital herpes present?
Painful
Multiple small vesicles easily de-roofed
How is active herpes tested for?
Swab taken of de-roofed blister for PCR test
How is genital herpes treated?
Aciclovir
Pain relief
What is trichomonas vaginalis?
Single celled parasite
What symptoms does trichomonas vaginalis cause?
Vaginal discharge and irritation
Urethritis in males
How is trichomonas vaginalis tested for?
High vaginal swab for microscopy
How is trichomonas vaginalis treated?
Oral metronidazole
What causes pubic lice?
Pthirus pubis
How is pubic lice treated?
Malathion lotion
