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Year 3 - Repro and Sexual Health > Anatomy and Embryology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the bony pelvis consist of?

A

Two innominate bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

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2
Q

What is the role of the bony pelvis?

A

Support upper body
Transference of weight from vertebral column to femurs
Attachment for muscles and external genitalia
Protection of pelvic organs

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3
Q

What connects the ASIS and PSIS on the ilium?

A

Iliac crest

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4
Q

What is the attachment site of the iliacus muscle on the ilium?

A

Iliac fossa

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5
Q

Which is more superior the ischial spine or ischial tuberosity?

A

Spine

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6
Q

What part of the ischium do you “sit on” ?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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7
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament attach to the pubis?

A

Pubic tubercle

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8
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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9
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial

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10
Q

What are the borders of the true pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic inlet and outlet

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11
Q

Which muscle forms the musculofascial part of the pelvic cavity?

A

Levator ani

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12
Q

Which structures can be damaged in a pelvic fracture?

A 
Iliac vessels
Lumbosacral plexus 
Autonomic nerve supply
Lymphatics
Muscles 
Organs
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13
Q

Where does the sacrotubeous ligament attach?

A

Sacrum

ischial tuberosity

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14
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach?

A

Sacrum

Ischial spine

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15
Q

What would cause the ligaments to relax?

A

Pregnancy

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the ligaments of the pelvis?

A

To ensure sacrum is not pushed superiorly when weight transferred through vertical column

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17
Q

What is the difference between the male and female cavity?

A

AP and transverse diameters larger in female
Sub-pubic angle winder in female
Pelvic cavity shallower in female
Bones thin/light in female
Oval rather than round obturator foramen in female

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18
Q

What are the name of the fontanelles?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoid
Mastoid

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19
Q

What is the vertex?

A

Area of foetal skull outlined by the fontanelles and parietal eminences

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20
Q

Which diameter of a baby’s head is bigger?

A

Occipitofrontal

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21
Q

In which position should the foetus enter the pelvic cavity?

A

Occiput-transverse

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22
Q

Which pelvic diameter is bigger at the pelvic inlet?

A

Transverse

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23
Q

Which pelvic diameter is bigger at the pelvic outlet?

A

AP

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24
Q

What position should a baby ideally be in for delivery?

A

Direct occiput-anterior

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25
Q

What is the “station” of the foetal head?

A

Distance from foetal head to ischial spine

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26
Q

Into which two regions can the pelvic be divided?

A

False/greater

True/lesser

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27
Q

Describe the bony ring which defines the pelvic inlet

A

Formed by sacral promontory, alae of sacrum, arcuate line, pectineal line and pubic crest

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28
Q

Describe the pelvic outlet

A

Bordered by tip of coccyx posteriorly
Inferior margin of sacrotuberous posterolaterally
Ischial tuberosities laterally
Pubic arch anteriorly

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29
Q

Which palpable bony landmark is used as a guide to administer a pudendal nerve block?

A

Ischial spine

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30
Q

Which muscle covers the sphenoid and mastoid fontanelles?

A

Temporalis

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31
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid cells
Spermatozoa in males
Oocyte in females

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32
Q

Which organs produce gametes?

A 
Male = testes
Female = ovaries
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33
Q

Where is the perineum located?

A

Inferior to pelvic floor

Superior to the skin and fascia

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34
Q

What forms the pelvic roof?

A

Peritoneum

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35
Q

What is the Pouch of Douglas?

A

Space between the rectum and the uterus which is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity when standing

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36
Q

Where is the vesico-uterine pouch?

A

Between the bladder and uterus

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37
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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38
Q

Describe ovulation and fertilisation

A

1 ovum released from surface of the ovary into peritoneal cavity
Gathered by fimbrae into infundibulum of uterine tube
Moved along by cilia
Normally fertilised in ampulla

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39
Q

Which layer of the uterus is responsible for cramping?

A

Myometrium

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40
Q

Define ectopic pregnancy

A

A fertilised egg implants out with the uterine cavity

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41
Q

Where do the testes originate?

A

On the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

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42
Q

Through which structure do the testes descend?

A

Inguinal canal

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43
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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44
Q

Which muscle helps to control the temp of testes?

A

Dartos muscle

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45
Q

Describe the route of sperm from production to ejaculation

A 
Produced in sem. tubules 
Pass to rete testis
Then head of epididymis 
Then vas def
Ejec duct
Right and left ducts join
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
External urthral meatus
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46
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A 
Vas def
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
Sympathetics
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve and lymphatics
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47
Q

Which structures pass through levator ani in the male?

A

Rectum and urethra

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48
Q

What is the function of the levator ani muscle?

A

Supports pelvic organs and maintains continence

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49
Q

What is the role of the external anal sphincter?

A

Voluntary control of faecal continence

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50
Q

What are the nerves roots of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2,3,4

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51
Q

What type of nerve fibres does the pudendal nerve contain?

A

Somatic motor and sensory

Sympathetics

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52
Q

What is the most common space for a perianal abscess?

A

Ischioanal fossa

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53
Q

Why may a peri-anal abscess spread through the ischioanal fossa?

A

Large space

Filled with fat - poor blood supply and few immune cells

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54
Q

Which important structure may be accidentally damaged during hysterectomy?

A

Ureter

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55
Q

How may fluid be drained from the Pouch of Douglas?

A

Needle placed through posterior fornix of vagina

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56
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Ligament formed by double layer of peritoneum

Extends from uterus to lateral pelvic walls and floor

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57
Q

What is a cystocoele?

A

Hernial protrusion of the bladder into the vaginal wall

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58
Q

What is a rectocoele?

A

Hernial protrusion of rectum into vaginal wall

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59
Q

List the components of the fluid secreted by seminal vesicles

A 
Proteins
Enzymes
Fructose
Mucous 
Vit C
Flavins
Phosphoylcholine
Prostaglandin
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60
Q

What is the main function of the fluid secreted by prostate gland?

A

Activate sperm

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61
Q

What are the main function of the fluid secreted by the bulbourethral glands?

A

Lubricates urethra and helps to neutralise acid in urethra

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62
Q

What are the common surgical incision site sin obstetrics?

A

Lower segment Caesarean section
Laparotomy
Abdominal/vaginal hysterectomy

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63
Q

Which three muscles make up the abdominal wall?

A 
Ext oblique (out)
Int oblique (mid)
Transversus abdominis (in)
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64
Q

Which two types of fascia are found in the abdominal wall?

A

Campus fascia

Scarpus fascia

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65
Q

Which fascia found in the abdominal wall fades in ascend through to the thorax?

A

Scarpus

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66
Q

What is the difference between scarpus and campus fascia?

A

Campus is fattier

Scarpus is more membranous

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67
Q

Which abdominal muscle is in the midline?

A

Recuts abdominis

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68
Q

Which muscle has a “hands in pockets” alignment?

A

External oblique

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69
Q

Where does external oblique attach superiorly?

A

Ribs 5-11

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70
Q

Which muscle has a “hands on chest” alignment?

A

Internal oblique

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71
Q

At what point does external oblique become its aponeurosis?

A

Mid-clavicular line

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72
Q

What happens to the aponeurosis of internal oblique?

A

Splits in two to sandwich the rectus abdominis

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73
Q

Which is recuts abdominis split into segments?

A

Mechanical efficiency

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74
Q

How is the linea alba formed?

A

Intertwining of the aponeuroses

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75
Q

Where does the linea alba run from/to?

A

From xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

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76
Q

Which is the arcuate line?

A

1/3 distance between umbilicus and pubic symphysis

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77
Q

Where is the rectus sheath?

A

Immediately deep to the superficial fascia

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78
Q

Which fascia make the internal spermatic fascia in the cord?

A

Transversalis fascia

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79
Q

What can be found in extra-peritoneal fat?

A

Vessels

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80
Q

Which nerves become the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

7th-11th intercostals

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81
Q

What is the nerve root of subcostal nerve?

A

T12

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82
Q

What is the nerve root of iliohypogastric?

A

L1

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83
Q

What is the nerve root of ilioinguinal?

A

L1

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84
Q

When do the intercostals become the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

When they pass the costal cartilage of the false ribs

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85
Q

Where do the nerves which supply the anterolateral abdominal wall run?

A

Between the int oblique and transversus abdominis

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86
Q

Which arteries supply the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Superior and inferior epigastric

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87
Q

What is the superior epigastric artery a continuation of?

A

Internal thoracic

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88
Q

Where can superior and inferior epigastric arteries be found?

A

Posterior to rectus abdominis

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89
Q

What are the inferior epigastric arteries a branch of?

A

External iliac

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90
Q

Which arteries supply the lateral abdominal wall?

A

Intercostal and subcostal arteries

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91
Q

What are the intercostal and subcostal arteries a continuation of?

A

Posterior intercostals

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92
Q

What pre-emptive alteration can be made to the vascular of the abdominal wall before surgery?

A

Ligate inferior epigastric before it is damaged/removed

So that the sup epigastric has time to accommodate for the loss of blood supply

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93
Q

How is a lower segment caesarean section carried out?

A

Cut made in suprapubic region across subcut tissues
Through deep fascia/rectus sheath
Rectus abdominis moved out the way towards nerve supply
Cut through transversalis fascia then peritoneum

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94
Q

Why is a midline incision not ideal?

A

Not very vascular so healing is poor and risk of complication is increased

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95
Q

If lateral port is required in laparoscopy which structure may be injured?

A

Inferior epigastric

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96
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring?

A

Halfway between ASIS nad pubic tubercle

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97
Q

Which female reproductive organs/accessory organs are found in the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Superior part of vagina

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98
Q

Which female reproductive organs/accessory organs are found in the perineum?

A 
Inferior part of vagina
Perineal muscles
Bartholin's glands
Clitoris
Labia
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99
Q

Which type of tissue is found beneath the perineal muscles?

A

Erectile tissue

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100
Q

What is culdocentesis?

A

When fluid is drained from the Pouch of Douglas

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101
Q

What is the role of the pouch of Douglas?

A

Maintains uterus in midline position

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102
Q

What does the broad ligament contain?

A

Uterine tubes and round ligament

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103
Q

What does the round ligament attach to?

A

Lateral aspect of uterus

Superficial tissue of perineum

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104
Q

What structure does the round ligament pass through?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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105
Q

What is the round ligament a remnant of?

A

Gubernaculum

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106
Q

Which layer of the uterine body sheds during menstruation?

A

Endometrium

107
Q

How much of the uterus is taken up by the cervix?

A

1/3rd

108
Q

What holds the uterus in position?

A

Ligaments
Endopelvic fascia
Muscles of pelvic floor

109
Q

How should the uterus be positioned?

A

Anteverted

110
Q

Describe an “anteverted” uterus

A

Cervix tipped anteriorly relative to axis of vagina

111
Q

Describe an “anteflexed” uterus

A

Uterus tipped anteriorly relative to axis of cervix

112
Q

Describe a “retroverted” uterus

A

Uterus tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

113
Q

Describe a “retroflexed” uterus

A

Uterus tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix

114
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the cervix?

A

Secretory columnar epithelium

115
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A

Ampulla

116
Q

What is a bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy?

A

Removal of uterine tubes and ovaries

117
Q

What could an ectopic pregnancy on the right hand side be mistaken for?

A

Appendicitis

118
Q

When do the fimbrae open up into?

A

The peritoneal cavity

119
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

120
Q

What stimulates the ovaries to produce hormones?

A

FSH and LH

121
Q

What are the 4 parts of the vaginal fornix?

A

Lateral x2
Anterior
Posterior

122
Q

At what positions can the ischial spine be palpated on digital vaginal examination?

A

4 and 8 o’clock

123
Q

How is the position of the uterus assessed on examination?

A

Bimanual palpation

124
Q

Which two triangles can the perineum be split into?

A

Urogenital and anal triangle

125
Q

What type of muscle is levator ani?

A

Skeletal

126
Q

Which nerves supply the levator ani?

A

Nerve to the levator ani - superior

Pudendal - inferior

127
Q

What are the nerve roots of nerve to levator ani?

A

S3,4,5

128
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

A bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which the perineal muscles attach

129
Q

Where is the perineal body?

A

Posterior to the vagina, just deep to skin

At the junction of the anal and urogenital triangles

130
Q

Which nerve supplies the perineal muscles?

A

Pudendal

131
Q

Where are the Bartholin’s glands located?

A

4 and 8 o’clock positions around the orifice of the vagina

132
Q

What do Bartholin’s glands do?

A

Produce lubrication

133
Q

Where are the breasts located?

A

From ribs 2-6 at the lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line
On deep fascia

134
Q

What is the retromammary space?

A

Space between fascia and breat

135
Q

How does the breat attach to skin?

A

Suspensory ligaments

136
Q

How is a mass described in the breast?

A

What quadrant

Fixed to underlying tissue

137
Q

What position should a breast exam be conducted in?

A

Standing with hands on hips to contract pec major

138
Q

Where does lymph from breast tissue drain to?

A

From outer to ipsilateral axillary then supraclavicular from inner can go to ipsi or contralateral
Lower inner can drain to abdo lymph

139
Q

Which artery does the internal thoracic come off of?

A

Subclavian

140
Q

Name the male accessory reproductive organs

A

Vas deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate glands
Penis

141
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

20cm

142
Q

What is the spongy urethra within?

A

Corpus spongiosum

143
Q

What is the rectovesical pouch?

A

Space between the rectum and the bladder in males

144
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

Triangle on the internal bladder

Made of 2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

145
Q

Which muscle mostly makes up the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor

146
Q

What is the role of the detrusor muscle?

A

Contract around the ureteric orifices to prevent backflow of urine (or ejaculate) when contracting to expel urine

147
Q

Where do the testes originate?

A

Posterior wall of abdominal cavity

148
Q

Through which structure do the testes descend?

A

Inguinal canal

149
Q

What nerve types are found in the spermatic cord?

A

Autonomic (vas def)

Somatic (cremaster)

150
Q

What is the conjoint tendon?

A

Medial end of combined aponeuroses of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

151
Q

What is the role of the conjoint tendon?

A

Anchor muscles inferiorly to pubic bone

152
Q

Which sac do the testis sit in?

A

Tunica vaginalis

153
Q

What is a hydrocoele?

A

Excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis

154
Q

What term is given to twisting of the somatic cord?

A

Torsion

155
Q

Where is the epididymis located?

A

Prox end - posterior aspect of superior testis

156
Q

Where can the vas deferens be palpated?

A

In spermatic cord in the scrotum superior to the testis

157
Q

How is blood drained from the testis?

A

Left
Testicular vein to renal vein

Right
Testicular vein to IVC

158
Q

Which part of the urethra does the prostate surround?

A

Prostatic urethra

159
Q

Where do most prostate cancers occur?

A

Peripheral zone

160
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Retraction of the prepuce constricting the neck of the glans causing it to swell

161
Q

What is the root of the penis attached to?

A

The ischium of the pelvis

162
Q

What are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue called?

A

Right and left corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum

163
Q

What runs in the corpus cavernosum?

A

Deep arteries of penis

164
Q

What runs in the corpus spongiosum?

A

Spongy urethra

165
Q

What does the perineal pouch in the male contain?

A 
Root of penis
Spongy urethra
Transverse perineal muscle 
Internal pudendal vessels 
Pudendal nerve
166
Q

Which muscles are found in the penis?

A

Ischiocavernosus

Bulbospongiosus

167
Q

Describe the blood supply to the penis

A

Deep arteries of penis from internal pudendal from internal iliac

168
Q

Describe the blood supply to the scrotum

A

Internal pudendal and branches from external iliac

169
Q

Describe the lymph drainage from scrotum and penis

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Note does not include glans

170
Q

Where does lymph from the testes drain?

A

Lumbar nodes around abdominal aorta

171
Q

What nerve types are structure in the pelvis innervated by?

A

Symps, parasymps and visceral afferents

172
Q

What nerves types are structures in the perineum innervated by?

A

Somatic motor and sensory

173
Q

With nerve types are responsible for uterine cramping?

A

Symps/parasymps

174
Q

With nerve types are responsible for uterine contraction?

A

Symps/parasymps

175
Q

With nerve types are responsible for pelvic floor muscle contraction?

A

Somatic motor

176
Q

With nerve types are responsible for pain from the adnexae?

A

Visceral afferents

177
Q

With nerve types are responsible for pain from the uterus?

A

Visceral afferents

178
Q

With nerve types are responsible for pain from the vagina?

A

Visceral afferents - pelvic part

Somatic sensory - perineum

179
Q

With nerve types are responsible for pain from the perineum?

A

Somatic sensory

180
Q

Describe the pain sensation from pelvic organs touching the perineum

A

Visceral afferents pick it up
Run alongside sympathetic fibres
Enter spinal cord T11-L2
Perceived as suprapubic

181
Q

Describe the pain sensation from pelvic organs not touching peritoneum

A

Visceral afferents pick it up
Run alongside parasympathetic fibres
Enter spinal cord at S2,3,4
Pain perceived in that dermatome - in perineum

182
Q

How is pain sensed from the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries?

A

visceral afferents back to T11-L2

183
Q

How is pain sensed from the cervix and superior vagina?

A

Visceral afferents back to S2-4

184
Q

How is pain sensed from the inferior vagina, perineal muscles, glands and skin of perineum?

A

Pudendal nerve to S2-4

185
Q

At which vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

186
Q

At which level is a spinal/epidural anaesthetic performed?

A

L3/4

187
Q

Which structures are passed through for a spinal anaesthetic?

A 
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
188
Q

Which structures are passed through for an epidural anaesthetic?

A

Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Into epidural space

189
Q

Describe sympathetic outflow

A

Originates in autonomic centres in the brain
Exits spinal cord at T1-L2
Travels to sympathetic chains
Passes into all spinal nerves

190
Q

Which type of nerve supply do arterioles get?

A

Sympathetic

191
Q

What needs to be monitored when giving a spinal anaesthetic?

A

Blood pressure

192
Q

What are the signs a spinal anaesthetic is working?

A

Reduced sweating
Warm lower limbs
Flushed skin in lower limbs

193
Q

Which nerve is responsible for motor control of external anal and urethral sphincters?

A

Pudendal

194
Q

In which cases would you need an pudendal nerve block?

A

Episiotomy incision
Forceps use
Perineal stitching

195
Q

Describe the course of the pudendal nerve

A

Exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
Passes posterior to sacrospinous
Re-enters pelvis/perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
Travels in pudendal canal

196
Q

What travels in the pudendal canal?

A

Pudendal artery and vein
Nerve to obturator internus
Pudendal nerve

197
Q

What is the pudendal canal?

A

Passageway within the obturator fascia

198
Q

In which location is an episiotomy usually performed?

A

Ischioanal fossa

199
Q

Which two muscle groups make up the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani

Coccygeus

200
Q

What is the urogenital hiatus?

A

The anterior gap between the medial borders of the pubococcygeus

201
Q

What passes through the urogenital hiatus?

A

Urethra

Vagina

202
Q

Name the three parts of the levator ani

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

203
Q

Name the pelvic ligaments

A

Transverse cervical
Utero-sacral
Lateral ligament of bladder
Lateral rectal

204
Q

What does the deep perineal pouch contain?

A 
Part of the urethra 
Bulbourethral glands (male)
NVB for penis/clitoris
Ischioanal fat pads
Compressor urethrae
Deep transverse perineal muscle
205
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Thin, tough, deep fascia which lies superficial to the deep perineal pouch

206
Q

What does the superficial perineal pouch contain in the male?

A 
Root of penis
Proximal spongy urethra
Superficial transverse perineal muscle 
Internal pudendal vessels
Pudendal nerve
207
Q

What does the superficial perineal pouch contain in the female?

A

Clitoris
Bulbs of vestibule
Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous

208
Q

When does the pelvic floor actively contract?

A

Coughing
Sneezing
Vomiting
Basically any increase in intra-abdo pressure

209
Q

What is involved in maintaining urinary continence?

A

External urethral sphincter
Compressor urethrae
Levator ani
Bladder neck support

210
Q

What is involved in maintaining faecal continence?

A

Puborectalis bending rectum anteriorly

211
Q

What can cause injury to pelvic floor?

A 
Pregnancy/childbirth 
Chronic constipation
Obesity
Heavy lifting
Chronic cough/sneeze
Menopause
212
Q

How may vaginal prolapse be treated?

A

Sacrospinous fixation

Incontinence surgery

213
Q

Describe sacrospinous fixation for prolapse

A

Sutures placed in sacrospinous medial to ischial spine

214
Q

Describe incontinence surgery for prolapse

A

Mesh put in to create a sling around the urethra

215
Q

Where does the gonadal artery branch from?

A

L2 abdominal aorta

216
Q

Where does the superior rectal artery branch from?

A

Continuation of the inferior mesenteric

217
Q

What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Umbilical artery

218
Q

Which sex has the inferior vesical artery?

A

Male

219
Q

Where does the anterior scrotal branch from?

A

External iliac

220
Q

What does the uterine artery anastomose with?

A

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

221
Q

Where do the venous plexuses of the pelvis mainly drain to?

A

Internal iliac

222
Q

Where does blood in the superior rectal vein drain to?

A

Hepatic portal system

223
Q

Where does blood from lateral sacral veins drain to?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus

224
Q

Which ureter is more likely to be damaged and why?

A

Left

More medial and crosses common iliac which makes it more vulnerable

225
Q

What are the ant and post borders of the perineum?

A

Pubic symphysis

Tip of coccyx

226
Q

What are the contents of the anal triangle?

A

Anal aperture
External anal sphincter
Ischioanal fossa
Pudendal nerve

227
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Deep, strong fascia found in the urogenital triangle with pouches on the surfaces
Provides attachment for muscles

228
Q

What is the deep perineal pouch?

A

Potential space between the deep fascia of the pelvic floor and the perineal membrane

229
Q

What is the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Space between the perineal membrane and the perineal fascia

230
Q

What does the superficial perineal pouch contain?

A

Erectile tissues

Bartholin’s glands

231
Q

What are the two components of the perineal fascia?

A

Deep fascia

Superficial fascia

232
Q

What are the two components superficial perineal fascia?

A

Superficial layer

Deep layer

233
Q

What is the superficial layer of the superficial perineal fascia a continuation of?

A

Camper’s fascia from the abdomen

234
Q

What is the deep layer of the superficial fascia continuous with?

A

Scarpa’s fascia

235
Q

Which structures travel through Alcock’s canal?

A

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery
Internal pudendal vein

236
Q

Which cartilage separates the three bones of the hip?

A

Triradiate cartilage

237
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

Part of the hip bone which articulates with the femur

238
Q

What do the inferior and superior rami of the pubis create?

A

Obturator foramen

239
Q

Pubic rami fractures usually require surgery

true/false

A

False

Usually stable

240
Q

What are the two holes in the pelvic floor?

A

Urogenital hiatus

Rectal hiatus

241
Q

What are the three main components of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani
Coccygeus
Fascial coverings

242
Q

Which three paired muscles make up the levator ani?

A

Pubucoccygeus
Puborectalis
Iliococcygeus

243
Q

Which nerves innervate coccygeus muscle?

A

Anterior rami of S4 and S5

244
Q

Where does the renal pelvis collect urine from?

A

Major calyces

245
Q

What is the point where the renal pelvis narrows to make the ureter called?

A

Ureteropelvic junction

246
Q

Along the anterior surface of which muscle do the ureters travel?

A

Psoas major

247
Q

At what level do the ureters cross the pelvic brim to enter the pelvic cavity?

A

SI joints

248
Q

In which two operations are the ureters most at risk?

A

Oophorectomy

Hysterectomy

249
Q

What is the blood supply to the abdominal ureter?

A

Renal artery and testicular/ovarian artery

250
Q

What is the blood supply to the pelvic ureter?

A

Superior and inf vesical arteries

251
Q

Where do sensory fibres from the ureter enter the spinal cord?

A

T11-L2

252
Q

Approx how much urine does the bladder hold?

A

300-400ml

253
Q

What connects the bladder to the umbilicus?

A

Median umbilical ligament

254
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the bladder?

A

Superior vesical artery (of internal iliac)

255
Q

Where does the superolateral part of the bladder drain lymph to?

A

External iliac lymph nodes

256
Q

Where do the neck and the fundus of the bladder drain lymph to?

A

Int iliac
Sacral
Common iliac

257
Q

What nerve gives sympathetic innervation to the bladder?

A

Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)

258
Q

What nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the bladder?

A

Pelvic nerve (S2-S4)

259
Q

What is the somatic nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)

260
Q

What lines the urethra?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

261
Q

What is the arterial supply to the prostatic urethra?

A

Inf vesical artery

262
Q

What is the arterial supply to the membranous and bulbar urethra?

A

Bulbourethral artery (branch of internal pudendal)

263
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spongy urethra?

A

Internal pudendal

264
Q

What is the blood supply to the female urethra?

A

Internal pudendal

Year 3 - Repro and Sexual Health (23 decks)

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