Microbiology Flashcards
Mot common cause of UTI
E. coli
Most common cause of infant meningitis
E. coli
What infection is caught from raw milk and is especially dangerous for pregnant women and newborns?
Listeria
What is the route of transmission of Yersinia pestis?
Rat-flea-man
What bacteria is associated with buboes?
Yersinia pestis
What bacteria causes severe gastroenteritis and can be caught from shellfish? (3)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Samonella typhi
What bacteria causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What red colored organism causes UTI in debilitated patients?
Serratia
Which of the following is not a lactose fermenter: Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia
Proteus
Which bacteria that produces urease is often associated with UTIs especially after catheterization?
Proteus
What species causes typhoid fever?
Salmonella typhi
What species causes typhus?
Rickettsia prowazeki
Which organism can exist chronically in the gallbladder?
Salmonella tyhpii
What organism causes rose colored spots on the abdomen, high fever and possible perforation of the abdomen?
Salmonella typhii
What organism, having many animal reservoirs, produces endotoxin and is a common cause of food poisoning in the US?
Salmonella enterides
Salmonella choleosius causes what 3 things?
pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis
What causes bacillary dysentery?
Shigella dysenteriae
What gram pos cocci is catalase positive?
Staph aureus
What gram pos cocci is catalase negative?
Strep pneumoniae
Compare salmonella and staph food poisoning in terms of incubation period
Staph: 4-8 hours incubation, due to exotoxin production
Strep: 10-28 hours because the cells have to die in order to release the exotoxin
What organism causes boils, carbuncles and impetigo?
Staph aureus
Two possible organism involved in impetigo are:
staph aureus, streptococcus pyogenes (Group A beta-hemolytic)
What type of toxin is responsible for the scalded skin syndrome of staph aureus infection?
Exfoliatin
T/F: Staph aureus can be killed with penicillin
False: it secretes penicillinase which destroys penicillin
What organism is associated with toxic shock syndrome?
Staph aureus
The catalase test is diagnostic for what organism?
staph aureus
What organism has hemolysis as a diagnostic feature?
steptococcus
What organism is responsible for scarlet fever?
Strep pyogenes
What is an important sequelae to know of concerning strep ?
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis can follow what infection?
Strep
In what type of Strep infection is the capsule pathogenic?
Strep. pneumoniae
How does gonorrhea usually present in males?
urethritis, purulent discharge
How dies gonorrhea present in females and what are the complications?
usu asymptomatic, complications are PID or salpingitis
What STD grows on a Thayer-Martin agar in CO2?
Neisseria gonorrhea
Which STD is oxidase positive?
Neisseria gonorrhea
Patient comes in with fever, N/V stiff neck and petechiae. What is likely diagnosis?
Neisseria meningitidis infection
What disease can you get from home canned products?
Clostridium botulinum
Infection with clostridium botulinum is associated with what type of paralysis?
flaccid, top-down
What causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
People who handle livestock are susceptible to what kind of infection?
Bacillus anthracis
What is a complication of diphtheria?
Respiratory paralysis and death
What infection has a grey pseudomembrane in the throat?
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Clostridium tetani causes what kind of paralysis?
spastic paralysis
Rice water stool is associated with what infection?
vibrio cholera
What organism is associated with hot tubs and can cause folliculitis?
pseudomonas
What is a common cause of Otitis media in children, and can cause meningitis and pneumonia?
Haemophilus influenza
What causes chancroid?
hemophilus ducreyi
Which STD has a painful ragged ulcer?
Hemophilus ducreyi
What can be diagnosed with clue cells seen on a smear?
Gardnerella infx
What organism grows around Staph aureus on an agar plate?
Haemophilus influenza
What causes whooping cough?
Bordatella pertussis
Rabbit fever is caused by what organism?
Francisella tularensis
How is tularemia spread?
infected tick bites
What disease is walled off in the body by granulomas?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the skin test for TB called?
Mantoux skin test
What is the TB immunization called?
BCG
How is Brucella transmitted?
raw milk
How is TB transmitted?
respiratory droplets
What kind of immune response does the body have to TB?
cell mediated, no antibodies
What is TB infection that has spread into the blood called?
Miliary TB
What are the 2 types of leprosy?
Lepromatous leprosy and Tuberculoid leprosy
Which type of leprosy is less infectious and has less bacteria present during infection?
Tuberculoid leprosy
Which type of leprosy is more infectious and has more bacteria present in the body during infection?
Lepromatous leprosy
What organism is cultured in armadillos?
Mycobacterium leprae
The chancre, a bulls eye lesion, is associated with what disease?
Treponema pallidum (syphillis)
When is syphillis infectious?
primary and secondary infections
What kind of organism causes lyme disease and syphillis?
spirochete bacteriae
The mucocutaneous lesion of syphilis is found in which phase?
secondary phase
The gummas of syphilis appear in what stage of syphilis?
tertiary
What is Hutchinsons triad and what is it caused by?
Congential syphilis, causes impaired vision, notched teeth and impaired hearing
Yaws is caused by what?
Treponema pertenue
What are some of the lab tests for syphilis?
VDRL, FTA-Abs, RPR
What does treponema vincentii cause?
Trench mouth
In what stage is syphilis most infectious?
secondary stage
What organism causes Glue ear?
Hemophilus influenze
What organism has a blue-green pigment and is associated with skin and especially burn infections?
Pseudomonas aeriginosa
Condylomata late are associated with what disease?
secondary , mucocutaneous lesion of syphilis
What is the vector for lyme disease?
deer tick
What disease has a spreading circular lesion called Erythema migrans?
Lyme disease
Lyme disease closely parallels what other disease in it’s primary, secondary and tertiary symptoms?
syphilis
What organism causes infectious jaundice?
Leptospira interrogans
What causes rat bite fever?
Spirillum
What organism contracted from raw milk causes body diarrhea and can mimic appendicitis?
Campylobacter fetus jejuni
What organism is implicated in causing peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori/jejuni
What causes walking pneumonia?
Mycobacterium pneumonia
What is so special about mycoplasma species?
no cell wall and therefore are resistant to penicillin
What sexually transmitted organism requires cholesterol and urea?
ureaplasma
Ureaplasma causes what kind of infection?
non-gonococcal urethritis
What species or organisms are transmitted by arthropods?
Rickettsiae
What causes epidemic typhus?
Rickettsiae prowazeki
What causes endemic typhus?
Rickettsiae typhi
Rickettsiae type affects which type of cells?
endothelial cells
What is the vector for Rickettsiae prowazeki?
louse
What is the vector for Rickettsiae typhi?
flea
What is the only rickettsial disease with no vector?
Q fever- Coxiella burnetti
What are some symptoms of typhus?
macular rash, high fever, acute bacteremia
What is the organism responsible for Rocky Mountain fever?
Ricketssiae Ricketsii
How if the Rock Mountain fever transmitted?
ticks
What STD is associated with chronic conjunctivitis and blindness?
chlamydia trachomatis
What disease is associated with standing water, e.g. in air-conditioning systems?
legionella pneumophilla
What disease is associated with birds?
Chlamydia psittici
What does chlamydia cause?
Conjunctivits, urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, lymphgranuloma venerum
What is the most common cause of epididymitis in men?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Parrot fever is the common name for what infection?
Chlamydia psittici
What fungus-like bacteria can mimic TB?
Norcadia
What causes lumpy jaw?
Actinomyces
What is the name for trench fever?
Rochalimaea quintana
What is the common name for coccidiodes immitis?
valley fever
How do yeast reproduce?
budding
How do molds reproduce?
by forming tubular structures
What fungi is associated with bat and bird feces?
Histoplasma capsulatum
What large capsulated yeast is commonly found in pigeon droppings?
cryptococcus neoformans
What causes status asthmaticus?
aspergillus
What is the medical name for ring worm?
Tinea corporis
How is tinea diagnosed?
KOH wet mount
What is jock itch?
Tinea cruris
What opportunistic yeast commonly affects immunocompromised patients?
candida albicans
What causes amoebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
What causes beaver fever?
Giardia lamblia
Which of the following is NOT a cause of bloody diarrhea: Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lambda, Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
Which parasite interferes with fat absorption?
Giardia lamblia
T/F: Trichomonas has no cysts
True
Pneumocystitis carnii is a problem for what type of patient?
immunocompromised
Who is at risk for toxoplasmosis gone infection?
pregnant women (fetus)
What parasite is associated with cats?
Toxoplasmosis gondii
What is the common name for Ascaris lumbricoides?
Human roundworm
What is the common name for Necato americanus?
Hookworm
What parasite causes spoon nails, anemia and stunted growth?
Hookworm
What parasite can be contracted from pork or bear meat?
Trichinella spiralis
What is the vector for malaria?
mosquito
What does plasmodium species of parasites cause?
malaria
What parasite is associated with dog and cat feces?
Toxocara canis or catis
How is filariasis transmitted?
Mosquito
What causes elephantiasis?
filariasis
Schistosomata is associated with what reservoir?
snails
Taenia is associated with which animals?
pigs, cows
What kind of parasite is taenia?
Beef tapeworm
Clonorchis is what kind of parasite?
liver fluke
Diphyllobothrium datum is what kind of parasite?
fish tapeworm
What kind of parasite is a schistosome?
a blood fluke
What are the 2 central lymphoid tissues?
thymus gland and bone marrow
What are the 3 peripheral lymphoid tissues?
lymph nodes, peyers patches, spleen
The role of B lymphocytes is categorized as what kind of immunity?
humoral
What is produced with humoral immunity?
Antibodies
The role of T lymphocytes is categorized as what kind of immunity?
Cell mediated
What type of chemical activates components of the immune system i.e.. activates macrophages, PMNs, etc?
cytokines/ lymphokines
What is the function of basophils?
release histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels
What is the function of neutrophils?
recognize foreign antigens and destroy the through phagocytosis
What is the function of eosinophils?
destroy parasitic organisms
What is the function of monocytes/ macrophages?
engulf foreign antigens and cell debris and process antigen and present it
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
independently able to indentify foreign antigens and differentiate into antibody producing plasma and memory cells
What chemical produced by the body stimulates B lymphocytes?
IL-2
What is the role of T lymphocytes?
T helper cells induce B lymphocytes. T suppressor cells recognize and kill virus-infected cells
What is the function of natural killer cells?
cell that bond to and lyse other cells especially virally-infected cells
What is the principal immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions (e.g. breast milk, respiratory and intestinal mucus, saliva, tears)?
IgA
What immunoglobulin can move across the placenta thus becoming an important immunoglobulin for newborns?
IgG
What is the main immunoglobulin in serum?
IgG
What immunoglobulin activates complement and is important in opsonization?
IgG
What immunoglobulin attaches to mast cells in the respiratory and intestinal tracts and plays a role in allergic responses?
IgE
What immunoglobulin is the first to form in response to an infection?
IgM
What immunoglobulin controls the A, B, O blood group antibody response?
IgM
Antigens present on all nucleated cells in the body that identify a cell as self are called what?
HLA
What is a hapten?
substance that normally does not act as an antigen
Complement is activated in what kind of immune response?
B-cell mediated immune response
What kind of proteins are involved in vasodilation, chemotaxis, opsonization of antigens, lysis of cells and blood clotting?
complement
What is opsonization?
coat placed on cells so that they can be recognized
What role does interferon play?
interferon is released when invading organisms are viral. They inhibit the production of virally infected cells, prevent viral spread, enhance activity of macrophages, NK cells, cytotoxic T cells and inhibit tumor growth
Which interleukin permits cells of the immune system to talk to one another and intimate responses?
IL 1
Which interleukin promotes cellular immunity ie. promote growth and activity of macrophages and B cells?
IL 2
Which interleukins promote humoral immunity?
IL 4, 5, 10
Antibodies are produced in what type of immunity?
humoral
Hayfever is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type 1
IgE is formed in what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
type 1
The reaction of antigens and antibodies at cell surfaces is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type 2
The reaction to blood transfusions would be what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type 2
The reaction os antigen and antibody in extracellular fluid spaces is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type 3
A cell mediated or delayed reaction meditated by the interaction of antigen and T lymphocytes and subsequent release of lymphokines is an example of what type of immunity?
Type 4
Tuberculosis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type 4
Loss of normal tolerance by the immune system of “self” antigens on the surface of the body’s cells and destruction of normal tissue with autoantibodies is defined as what?
autoimmunity
What is the name of genital warts?
condyloma accuminata
What is the name of the virus that causes measles?
Rubeola
Downey cells or atypical lymphocytes are seen in what infection?
Epstein Barr Virus
Why does Hep B have a potential carrier state?
Viral DNA is integrated in the chromosome of the host cell
Pandemics of flu are associated with what?
antigenic shift, major changes in viral RNA
Which polio vaccines is alive attenuated and given orally?
Sabin
Which polio vaccine is inactivated, multivalent and injectable?
Salk
How does polio cause paralysis?
destroying motor neurons in anterior horn and medulla
