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NPLEX I > Biochemistry- Lipids > Flashcards

Biochemistry- Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the action of lipase?

A

breaks down ester bonds

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2
Q

What constitutes a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

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3
Q

Lecithin or phosphatidylcholine is found in what substance?

A

phospholipids

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4
Q

what mineral is important in cell membranes?

A

phosphorous

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5
Q

What does saturated refer to?

A

all carbons of a fatty acid are saturated with hydrogens (no double bonds)

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6
Q

double bonds are seen in what kind of fatty acid?

A

unsaturated

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7
Q

how are lipids transported in the blood?

A

via lipoproteins

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8
Q

how many carbons are in a short chain fatty acid?

A

6-10

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9
Q

how many carbons are in a medium chain fatty acid?

A

12-14

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10
Q

how many carbons are in a long chain fatty acid?

A

16-20

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11
Q

Animal fat is a good source of what type of fatty acid?

A

saturated

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12
Q

oleic, linoleic and alpha linolenic acids are examples of what type of fatty acid?

A

unsaturated

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13
Q

hydrogenation of fatty acids produces what?

A

trans fatty acids

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14
Q

What are 2 effects of trans fatty acids on the body?

A
  1. interfere with essential fatty acid metabolism

2. may be athergenic

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15
Q

what substance emulsifies fatty acid?

A

bile

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16
Q

How do triglycerides cross the intestinal membrane?

A

drop 2 fatty acids, cross the membrane and reform intracellularly

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17
Q

Ho do tricglycerides travel in general circulation?

A

via chylomicrons in the lymphatics and blood

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18
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place?

A

in the mitochondria of all cells

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19
Q

where does fatty acid synthesis take place?

A

in the cytosol of all cells

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20
Q

what is the activated form of a fatty acid?

A

Acyl-CoA

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21
Q

How is Acyl-CoA transported into the mitochondria?

A

carnitine shuttle- (carnitine palitoyl transferase I, II and the carnitine acyl transferase enzymes)

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22
Q

What coenzyme is needed in the activation of fatty acids into acyl-CoA?

A

B5 pantothenic acid (acyl CoA synthase)

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23
Q

What coenzymes are needed in the beta-oxidation pathway?

A

B2 FAD

B3 NAD

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24
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

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25
Q

What is the intermediate substrate for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA–> AcetoacetylCoA–> Acyl CoA –> FFA

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26
Q

Acetyl CoA carboxylase acts on Acetyl-CoA to form what?

A

Malonyl CoA

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27
Q

What coenzyme is important for the production of malonylCoA from acetyl CoA?

A

Biotin

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28
Q

What reducing agent is used in fatty acid synthesis?

A

NADPH

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29
Q

How does acetyl CoA get out into the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis?

A

citrate leaves the mitochondrion and the action of citrate lyase forms acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

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30
Q

What hormone promotes fatty acid synthesis?

A

insulin

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31
Q

What is the end product of de novo fatty acid synthesis?

A

palmitate

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32
Q

What substance is the activated end product of lipogenesis and will cause feedback inhibition on actyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

Palmitoyl-CoA

33
Q

What 3 tissues undergo lipogenesis?

A

liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

34
Q

where does chain elongation take place?

A

in the mitochondrion and smooth ER

35
Q

which tissues undergo de novo fatty acid synthesis?

A

liver and adipose tissue

36
Q

Where does de novo synthesis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

37
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

Acetoacetate, acetone, betak hydroxybutyrate

38
Q

Keton production takes place when which substance is low?

A

oxaloacetate

39
Q

in what tissue does ketone synthesis take place?

40
Q

where in the cell does ketone synthesis take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

What is the fate of acetone?

A

usually exhaled

42
Q

What is the fate of 3-hydroxybutyrate?

A

gets oxidized into acetoacetate

43
Q

What 2 tissues can use acetoacetate?

A

brain, skeletal muscle

44
Q

What are the 3 essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid
alpha-linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

45
Q

What is a good source of linoleic acid?

A

vegetables, nuts, seeds

46
Q

What is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid?

47
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that converts linoleum and alpha linolenic acid into their metabolites?

A

delta-6 desaturase

48
Q

Which essential fatty acid is omega-3?

A

alpha-linolenic

49
Q

Which essential fatty acid is omega-6?

A

linoleic acid

50
Q

Which EFA is a precursor for series 2 eicosanoids?

A

arachadonic acid

51
Q

Which EFA is a precursor for series 1 eicosanoids?

A

linoleic acid

52
Q

Which EFA is a precursor for series 3 eicosanoids?

A

alpha-linolenic acid

53
Q

Linoleum acid turns into what fatty acid?

A

gamma linolenic acid (GLA)

54
Q

What are some good sources of GLA?

A

Evening primrose oil, borage oil, black currant oil

55
Q

What does alpha-linolenic acid become?

A

Eicosapentaeinoic acid (EPA)

56
Q

What is a good source for eicosapentaeinoic acid? (alpha-linolenic acid)

A

cold water fish oils (EPA)

57
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from cell membranes?

A

phospholipase A2

58
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins?

A

cyclooxygenase (also forms thromboxanes), is susceptible to NSAID inhibition

59
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that forms leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?

A

lipoxygenase

60
Q

What products inhibit phospholipase A2?

A

corticosteroids

61
Q

What products inhibit cyclooxyrgenase activity?

A

Aspirin (NSAIDs)

62
Q

What hormone promotes the conversion of carbohydrates into triglycerides?

63
Q

What enzyme causes the release of fatty acids from triglycerides?

A

hormone sensitive lipase

64
Q

What are free fatty acids usually bound to?

65
Q

What hormone inhibits that action of hormone sensitive lipase?

66
Q

What promotes hormone sensitive lipase?

A

growth hormone, glucagon, epinephrine

67
Q

Esterification is used in the formation of TCGs from what two substances?

A

Acyl CoA and Glucose-6-Phosphate

68
Q

Free fatty acids are mobilized from what cell?

69
Q

What apoprotein marks HDL for hepatic uptake?

A

Apo A1, (and Apo E, but that is primarily for chylomicrons)

70
Q

What carries dietary fat in the body?

A

Chylomicrons

71
Q

Which tissues synthesize chylomicrons?

A

mucosal cells of the small intestine

72
Q

Apoprotein A is found on what lipoprotein?

73
Q

Which lipoprotein functions to carry TCGs from the liver to extra hepatic tissues?

74
Q

Which lipoprotein functions to carry cholesterol from the liver to extra hepatic tissues?

75
Q

Which apoprotein allows for uptake of cholesterol by cells?

76
Q

Chyloremnants are formed from the action of which enzyme?

A

Lecithin acyl transferase

77
Q

What apoprotein activates lecithin acyl transferase?

A

Apo A (HDL)

78
Q

Which transfer protein facilitates transfer of cholesterol from LDL and VDL to HDL?

A

cholesterol transfer protein

NPLEX I (22 decks)

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