Biochemistry- Clinical and General Flashcards
What are 3 sources of glucose in the body?
gluconeogenesis, dietary, glycogen breakdown
How is glucose transported in the body?
freely in the blood
Glycogen is formed in all tissues, but especially in which 3?
liver, cardiac and skeletal muscle
Complete oxidation means what?
The complete breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins or fatty acids into ATP, Co2 and H2O
Incomplete oxidation or anaerobic glycolysis forms what substance?
lactate
Excess glucose is converted into what?
fatty acids, especially in adipose and liver tissue
what are two sources of triglycerides?
diet
synthesis by liver and mucosal cells of the intestine
How are dietary triglycerides transported?
chylomicrons
How do triglycerides travel from the liver into the blood?
VLDL
T/F: triglycerides can cross membranes
False, they need lipoprotein to cross membranes
What kinds of bonds does lipoprotein lipase break?
Ester bonds
What is the fate of triglycerides?
Get broken down by lipoprotein lipase and FFAs are released
How are FFAs transported?
with albumin in the blood
What are 2 sources of blood cholesterol?
Diet and liver synthesis
Glucokinase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are found in which biochemical pathway?
glycolysis
Which enzyme, when activated, allows acetyl-CoA to be used for gluconeogenesis?
Pyruvate carboxylase
Which enzyme, when activated, allows acetyl-CoA to be used for ATP production?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, pyruvate carboxykinase are found in what pathway?
gluconeogenesis
Carnitine is found in which pathway?
Lipolysis/ Beta oxidation
Palitoyl-CoA is found in which pathway?
Lipogenesis
malonyl-CoA is found in which pathway?
Lipogenesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is found in which pathway?
Lipogenesis
Ubiquinone and cytochromes are found in which pathway?
electron transport chain
Citrate lyase is found in which pathway?
lipogenesis
Delta-6 desaturase is found in which pathway?
Eicosanoid production (Series 1, 3)
Phospholipase A2 is found in which pathway?
eicosanoid production from arachadonic acid (releases AA from membranes)
Cyclooxygenase is found in which pathway?
prostaglandin and thromboxane 2 synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase is found in which pathway?
cholesterol synthesis
7-alpha hydroxylase is found in which pathway?
bile synthesis
Mevalonate is found in which pathway?
cholesterol or CoQ10 synthesis
