Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NPLEX I > Biochemistry- Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biochemistry- Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which polysaccharide is comprised of glucose units linked by 1,4 alpha bonds?

A

amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What polysaccharide has glucose linked at 1,4 and 1,6 linkages?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what polysaccharide has long chains of 1,4 linkages and every 25 molecules has a 1,6 branch?

A

Amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What polysaccharide has glucose molecules bound at beta 1,4 linkages?

A

cellulose (we can’t digest it! = fiber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which disaccharide has two glucose units?

A

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sailvary amylase cleaves what type of bond?

A

alpha 1,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

maltase cleaves which linkage?

A

alpha 1,6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The enzymes maltase, sucrase, dextrine and lactase are found where?

A

brush border of mucosal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in the reaction of fructose to glucose?

A

fructokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in the reaction of galactose to glucose?

A

galactokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dextrin is only released from the hydrolysis of which polysaccharide?

A

amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormone is released when glucose levels are high?

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which organ keeps a constant level of glucose in the blood by storing and producing it as needed?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which organ does not require insulin to take up glucose?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which hormone is released when glucose levels are down?

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the catecholamines stimulates gluconeogenesis?

A

epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glucokinase is only found in which organ?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in what part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What enzyme allows the liver to trap glucose in the form of glucose-6-phosphate?

A

glucokinase (hexokinase in other tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 3 rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?

A

gluco/hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many molecules of pyruvate do we get from one molecule of glucose?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What mineral is required for the phosphorylation reactions of glucokinase, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase?

A

Magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the net ATP gained from aerobic glycolysis?
8 ATP (-2 ATP, +6 ATP from 2 NADH, +4ATP)
26
Which Krebs cycle intermediate inhibits action of phosphofructokinase and therefore inhibits glycolysis?
citrate
27
What is the aerobic fate of pyruvate?
Acetyl-CoA
28
Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate if reduced into:
Lactate
29
What enzyme complex converts pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
30
What vitamins are needed for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
B1 (thiamin) B2 (FAD) B3 (NAD) B5 Pantothenic acid
31
What mineral is required for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Magnesium
32
Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate into what?
oxaloacetate
33
What cofactor is important in the carboxylation reaction of pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
Biotin
34
Why is the production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate important?
starts the Krebs cycle
35
What acts to promote pyruvate dehydrogenase and the subsequent formation of Acetyl-CoA?
The presence of pyruvate
36
What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and promotes pyruvate carboxylase, thus shuttling pyruvate into oxaloacetate?
The presence of Acetyl-CoA
37
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
In the mitochondria
38
Which metabolite of the Krebs cycle is used for fatty acid synthesis?
Citrate
39
Which 2 Krebs cycle metabolites are important for amino acid synthesis?
oxaloacetate and alpha keto-glutarate
40
Which krebs cycle metabolite is used in porphyrin/heme metabolism?
succinyl-CoA
41
Acetyl-CoA joins with what substance to form citrate?
oxaloacetate
42
What regulates the Kreb cycle?
ratio of ADP to ATP
43
What does high levels of ATP do to the Krebs cycle?
slows it down
44
What coenzymes are needed in the Krebs cycle?
B3- NAD B2- FAD B5 to make succinyl CoA
45
Name 4 uses for Acetyl CoA
ATP production, Fatty Acid synthesis, Ketone synthesis, Cholesterol formation
46
Which enzyme regulates the levels of Acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
47
What are 3 ways that the body can produce acetyl CoA?
1. from pyruvate 2. via beta oxidation of fatty acids 3. alanine-->pyruvate, or from citrate
48
What are the 2 reducing equivalents?
NAD and FAD
49
What metabolite of the Krebs cycle is an important indicator of energy status of the cell?
Citrate
50
How is oxaloacetate transported out of the mitochondrion?
via converstion to malate (malate shuttle)
51
In what organs does the gluconeogenesis occur?
liver, sometime kidney
52
Which hormone, by its involvement with glucagon, inhibits glycolysis and promotes gluconeogenesis?
Epinephrine
53
What steroid hormone promotes the gluconeogenic pathway?
Cortisol
54
name 3 substrates for gluconeogenesis
1. alanine 2. glycerol 3. lactate
55
What affect do fructose 1,6 diphosphate and 2,6 diphosphate have on gluconeogenesis?
inhibit it, by inhibiting fructose 1,6- diphosphotase
56
What are 2 products of the hexose monophosphate shunt?
NADPH, Ribose
57
What is the net output of the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GTP
58
What is the key rate limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis?
glycogen synthase
59
What cytokine activates glycogen synthase?
insulin
60
What hormones inhibit glycogen synthase?
cortisol, glucagon
61
What substance in low quantities inhibits glycogen synthase?
cAMP
62
Which tissues have high amount of glycogen?
liver and skeletal muscle
63
Which metabolite in glycolysis is transformed into glycogen?
glucose-6-phosphate
64
What substance carries glucose molecules to the growing glycogen chain?
UDP
65
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis?
phosphorylase
66
How is NADPH used in the body?
maintains Fe in RBCs
67
How many ATP molecules do you get from NADH?
3
68
How many ATP molecules do you get from 1 FADH?
2
69
Where does FADH enter the electron transport chain?
ubiquinone
70
What mineral is important in the electron transport chain?
Fe
71
What is the overall net energy output from 1 molecule of glucose?
``` 8 ATP from glycolysis 2 NADH from pyruvate to acetyl CoA --> 6 ATP 6 NADH --> 18 ATP 2 FADH -->4 ATP 2 GTP--> 2 ATP Total 36-38 ATP ```
72
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
73
The process of forming ATP from electrons is called what?
Transduction

NPLEX I (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions