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IMM Exam 1 > Microbial Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Microbial Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenicity

A
  • organism’s ability to cause disease
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2
Q

pathogenesis

A
  • process resulting in disease
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3
Q

pathogen

A
  • organism that can cause disease
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4
Q

virulence

A
  • degree of damage or disease resulting from infection
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5
Q

infectivity

A
  • likelihood of causing infection and/or disease with exposure to a particular dose
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6
Q

rhinovirus

A
  • ss+RNA
  • naked virion
  • causes common cold
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7
Q

rhinovirus infectivity/virulence

A
  • high infectivity

- low virulence

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8
Q

influenza virus

A
  • ss-RNA
  • segmented
  • enveloped
  • causes flu
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9
Q

influenza virus infectivity/virulence

A
  • moderate infectivity
  • greater virulence
  • host dependent
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10
Q

Ebola

A
  • ss-RNA
  • enveloped
  • causes hemorrhagic fever
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11
Q

Ebola infectivity/virulence

A
  • high infectivity

- high virulence

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12
Q

acquisition/transmission of microbial agents

A
  • endogenous

- exogenous

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13
Q

endogenous transmission of microbial agents

A
  • organism escapes from location where it is part of the normal microbiome
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14
Q

exogenous transmission of microbial agents

A
  • person to person
  • animal to person
  • insect to person
  • environmental
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15
Q

person to person

A
  • communicable disease
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16
Q

vertical person to person

A
  • mother to child
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17
Q

animal to person

A
  • zoonoses
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18
Q

insect to person

A
  • vector borne
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19
Q

environmental transmission

A
  • nature
  • nosocomial
  • fomite
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20
Q

routes of transmission

A
  • entry via epithelial surfaces

- deeper tissue penetration

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21
Q

entry via epithelial surfaces

A
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
  • sexual contact
  • exposure during vaginal birth
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22
Q

deeper tissue penetration

A
  • spread from epithelia
  • insect bites
  • cuts and wounds
  • organs transplants and blood transfusions
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23
Q

encounter

A
  • infectious agent meets host
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24
Q

entry

A
  • agent enters host
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25
Q

spread

A
  • agent spreads from site of entry
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26
Q

multiplication

A
  • agent multiplies within host
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27
Q

damage

A
  • agent
  • host response
  • both
  • cause tissue damage
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28
Q

outcome

A
  • agent or host wins

- learn to coexist

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29
Q

microbial virulence factors

A
  • not required for growth outside infected host
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30
Q

categories of virulence factors

A
  • structures involved in attachment, adherence and invasion
  • toxins involved in cell or tissue damage
  • processes involved in immune avoidance
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31
Q

pili characteristics

A
  • filamentous structures extending from bacterial surface
  • shorter, thinner, more numerous
  • polar or peritrichous
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32
Q

pili function

A
  • initial adherence to host cells or extracellular matrix
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33
Q

specificity of pili adherence

A
  • nonspecific or highly specific
34
Q

polymers of pili

A
  • pilins

- may be homo or heteropolymers

35
Q

Type IV pili

A
  • extend, bind, and retract
  • promote surface motility, micro colony and biofilm formation
  • adherence to host cells and immune evasion
36
Q

type IV pili expressed by

A
  • N. meningitis and N. gonorrhea
  • P. aeroginosa
  • H. influenzae
  • V. cholera
37
Q

flagella composed of

A
  • flagellin - H antigen
38
Q

flagella characteristics

A
  • longer, thicker, fewer

- usually polar

39
Q

function of flagella

A
  • movement through environment (locomotion)
40
Q

specialized bacterial secretion systems

A
  • gram negative bacteria use type III, IV, and V systems to inject substances into other cells
41
Q

translocated substrates that are virulence factors

A
  • toxins

- receptors

42
Q

viral attachment mediated by

A
  • proteins on surface of virion
43
Q

capsid proteins on naked viruses

A
  • engage receptor on host cells
44
Q

how does the virus enter the host cell with capsid proteins on naked viruses?

A
  • endocytosis
45
Q

glycoprotein spikes on enveloped viruses

A
  • engage receptor on host cell
46
Q

how virus enters host cells with glycoprotein spikes on enveloped viruses

A
  • enters via membrane fusion or endocytosis
47
Q

naked, ds DNA virus example

A
  • adenovirus
48
Q

ssRNA, enveloped virus example

A
  • HIV
49
Q

O antigens on LPS define

A
  • serotypes
50
Q

Lipid A

A
  • toxic moiety of gram negatives
  • potent stimulation of innate immune response
  • important cause of septic shock
51
Q

exotoxins secreted by

A
  • gram positives and gram negatives
52
Q

toxin classification based on

A
  • structure/function

- site of action

53
Q

structure/function toxins

A
  • A + B toxin
  • pore-forming toxin
  • superantigen toxin
54
Q

site of action toxins

A
  • enterotoxins
  • neurotoxins
  • tissue invasive toxins
55
Q

A+B toxins

A
  • A active

- B binding

56
Q

cholera A toxin

A
  • A + 5B
  • activates adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP
  • promotes secretion of electrolytes and fluid by intestinal epithelial cells
  • leads to diarrhea
57
Q

anthrax toxin

A
  • 2A+B
58
Q

A toxin anthrax

A
  • subunits of edema factor and lethal factor
59
Q

edema factor

A
  • activates adenylate cyclase
60
Q

lethal factor

A
  • cleaves cellular kinases

- leads to altered signaling and cell death

61
Q

A+B toxin mediated disease

A
  • Diptheria
  • Tetanus
  • Pertussis
  • covered by TDaP vaccine
62
Q

diphtheria A subunit

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis
63
Q

tetanus A subunit

A
  • inhibits neurotransmitter release from inhibitory neurons in CNS
  • results in paralysis
64
Q

pertussis A subunit

A
  • activates adenylate cyclase
  • increases cAMP in neutrophils and macrophages
  • decreases phagocytosis
65
Q

pore forming toxin example

A
  • Staph aureus
66
Q

superantigen examples

A
  • staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock toxins
67
Q

superantigen

A
  • nonspecific

- stimulates massive polyclonal expansion of many T cells resulting in cytokine storm

68
Q

bacterial structures that avoid immune system

A
  • bacterial and fungal polysaccharide capsules
  • antigens that induce blocking antibodies
  • molecules that inactivate antibodies
  • molecules that mimic host structures and are not recognized as foreign
69
Q

polysaccharide capsules

A
  • avoid phagocytosis
  • avoid immune recognition by complement and antibody
  • common feature of pathogens that can disseminate via bloodstream to CNS
  • adherence
70
Q

processes to avoid immune system

A
  • antigenic variation
  • avoiding immune surveillance
  • suppressing immune surveillance
71
Q

N. meningitis

A
  • rmp protein
  • IgA protease
  • serogroup B polysaccharide capsule
72
Q

rmp protein

A
  • highly immunogenic

- antibodies don’t protect and block binding to other targets

73
Q

igA proteases

A
  • cleave human IgA antibodies
74
Q

serogroup B polysaccharide capsule

A
  • mimics human antigens

- poorly immunogenic

75
Q

antigenic variation

A
  • during infections, pathogens express different versions of key antigens
  • antibodies made against one version do not recognize later version
76
Q

examples of antigenic variation

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei cause of sleeping sickness
  • N. gonorrhea and N. meningitides
  • RNA viruses like HIV, HCV, and flu virus
77
Q

TB avoid immune surveillance

A
  • induces formation of granulomas
78
Q

herpes virus avoid immune surveillance

A
  • travel from periphery to dorsal root ganglia and are latent in sensory neurons
79
Q

T. pallidum avoid immune surveillance

A
  • express few surface proteins

- cause of syphilis

80
Q

TB suppress immune response

A
  • prevents fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes in macrophages

IMM Exam 1 (20 decks)

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