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IMM Exam 1 > Host Barriers > Flashcards

Host Barriers Flashcards

1
Q

skin

A
  • physical/mechanical barrier
  • chemical agents
  • normal flora
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2
Q

physical/mechanical barrier

A
  • closely connected cells called keratinocytes with cross-linked keratin
  • high turn over rate
  • prevents evaporation
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3
Q

antimicrobial agents of the skin

A
  • cathelicidins
  • defenses
  • dermicidin
  • propionic acid
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4
Q

pH of the skin

A
  • acidic pH

- create an environment where bad bacteria don’t want to live

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5
Q

normal flora

A
  • commensals
  • bacteria in the epidermis that do no harm
  • and in some cases possibly benefit
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6
Q

Langerhans cells location

A
  • dendritic cells located among keratinocytes
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7
Q

Langerhans cells origin

A
  • derived from the bone marrow
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8
Q

Langerhans cells function

A
  • function as antigen presenting cells in immune responses to contact antigens (like skin allergies) and some skin grafts
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9
Q

what do Langerhans cells contain?

A
  • contain birbeck granules
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10
Q

organization of mucous membranes

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscular externa
  • external layer
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11
Q

mucosa composed of

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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12
Q

lamina propria

A
  • loose connective tissue with glands
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13
Q

muscularis mucosae

A
  • smooth muscle
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14
Q

submucosa

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
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15
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • inner smooth muscle

- outer smooth muscle

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16
Q

external layer

A
  • adventitia

- serosa

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17
Q

adventitia

A
  • loose connective tissue
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18
Q

serosa

A
  • loose connective tissue

- mesothelial lining from peritoneum

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19
Q

intercellular junctions

A
  • tight junction
  • zonula adherens
  • desmosome
  • gap junction
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20
Q

desmosome composed of

A
  • desmoplakins

- plakoglobins

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21
Q

tight junction type of junction

A
  • an occludens junction
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22
Q

tight junction composed of

A
  • Claudins
  • occludins (protein)
  • Claude sounds like the name of someone who is uptight
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23
Q

tight junction function

A
  • prevents leaking between cells

- prevents movement of membrane proteins

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24
Q

zonula adherens type of junction

A
  • adherens junction
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25
Q

zonula adherens composed of

A
  • cadherins
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26
Q

zonula adherens function

A
  • binds to actin of the terminal web (cytoskeleton)
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27
Q

desmosome type of junction

A
  • adherens junction

- macula adherens or spot desmosome

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28
Q

desmosome composed of

A
  • desmoplakins and plakoglobins
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29
Q

desmosome function

A
  • join keratinocytes at cell-cell junctions

- join side to side or up to down

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30
Q

gap junction type of junction

A
  • communicating junction
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31
Q

gap junction composed of

A
  • connexins
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32
Q

hemidesmosome type of junction

A
  • adherens junction

- NOT AN INTRACELLULAR JUNCTION

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33
Q

hemidesmosome function

A
  • join cells in basal layer to basement membrane
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34
Q

mucosal immunity in intestine

A
  • epithelial products
  • antimicrobial factors
  • normal flora
  • lymphoid tissue
  • ## peristalsis
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35
Q

epithelial products in intestine

A
  • acidic pH in stomach
  • pancreatic enzymes
  • bile
  • intestinal secretions
  • mucus
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36
Q

antimicrobial factors in intestine

A
  • lysozyme
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37
Q

what makes lysozyme in the intestine

A
  • Paneth cells

- full of secretory vesicles

38
Q

goblet cell

A
  • secretes mucus precursors to surface of intestine
39
Q

mucosal immunity in intestine

A
  • antigens in gut bound by M cells and undergo transcytosis into their intraepithelial pockets
  • dendritic cells take up antigen, process it, and present to helper T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells which secrete igA antibodies
  • IgA transported to gut lumen where it binds its antigen on the surface of microorganisms, neutralizing potentially harmful invaders before they penetrate the mucosa.
40
Q

antigens in gut - mucosal immunity

A
  • bound by M cells

- undergo transcytosis into their intraeplial pockets

41
Q

dendritic cells - mucosal immunity

A
  • take up antigen
  • process it
  • present to helper T lymphocytes
42
Q

B lymphocytes - mucosal immunity

A
  • stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells
43
Q

plasma cells - mucosal immunity

A
  • secrete IgA antibodies
44
Q

IgA - mucosal immunity

A
  • transported to gut lumen
  • binds antigen on surface of microorganism
  • neutralizes potentially harmful invaders before they penetrate the mucosa.
45
Q

why can IgA coexist with proteases in the gut lumen

A
  • it is resistant to proteolytic enzymes
46
Q

how many bacterial species in oral cavity

A
  • 400
47
Q

mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • saliva
48
Q

epithelium - mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  • physical barrier as in skin

- cells slough off and prevent biofilm formation

49
Q

epithelium contains - mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  • contains Langerhans cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes
50
Q

lamina propria contains - mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  • macrophages

- dendritic cells

51
Q

dendritic cells - mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  • project dendrites into the epithelium
  • uptake antigens
  • migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue and draining lymph nodes
52
Q

saliva contains

A
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
  • histatins
  • salivary IgA
  • myeloperoxidase
53
Q

lysozyme - mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  • cleaves bacterial cell walls
54
Q

salivary IgA

A
  • aggregates oral bacteria

- prevents formation of dental plaques

55
Q

pemphigus vulgaris

A
  • acontholytic (loss of intercellular connections) in persons aged 30-60
56
Q

pemphigus vulgaris cause

A
  • autoimmune attack of desmosomes
57
Q

pemphigus vulgaris result

A
  • formation of severe intraepidermal bullae starting in oral cavity and spreading to skin
  • can be fatal
58
Q

bullous pemphigold vs pemphigus vulgaris

A
  • resembles pemphigus vulgaris but less severe
59
Q

bullous pemphigold cause

A
  • autoimmune attack of hemidesmosomes
60
Q

bullous pemphigold result

A
  • sub epidermal bulael with characteristic inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils
61
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue located

A
  • located in mucosa

- unless seen in submucosa known as Peyer’s patches

62
Q

two forms of diffuse lymphoid tissue

A
  • loose clusters of lymphoid cells

- lymphoid nodules

63
Q

where are lymphoid nodules found

A
  • in lamina propria of mucosa throughout gut
64
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • found in ileum

- large and press outward to submucosa

65
Q

respiratory tract

A
  • turbulent airflow and humidification causes large particles to land on mucosal surfaces
66
Q

layer of mucus respiratory tract

A
  • flows toward pharynx for expectoration or swallowing
67
Q

swallowing is what kind of mechanism?

A
  • cleansing mechanism
68
Q

mucus clearance aided by

A
  • coordinated secretion of mucin and proteins
  • sufficient water for hydration
  • beating cilia
  • sneezing and coughing
69
Q

protective antimicrobial factors in respiratory tract

A
  • antioxidants
  • defensins
  • lactoferrins
  • lysozyme
70
Q

sentinel cell

A
  • alveolar macrophage

- first line of defense

71
Q

epithelium in vagina secretes

A
  • epithelium secretes glycogen
72
Q

normal flora in vagina

A
  • convert glycogen to lactic acid
  • creates acidic pH
  • unfavorable for pathogens
73
Q

normal urine

A
  • sterile
74
Q

normal urine pH

A
  • bactericidal due to pH and urea
75
Q

Tamm-Horsfall protein

A
  • comes from kidney

- binds bacteria and prevents attachment to urinary tract lining

76
Q

frequent urination

A
  • rinses lower urinary tract with urine 4-8 times a day

- eliminates pathogenic organisms

77
Q

pathogens that can bind to urinary tract epithelial cells

A
  • N. gonorrhea

- E. coli

78
Q

longer male urethra benefit

A
  • passive protection

- longer route for bacterial to travel to bladder

79
Q

Eye protections

A
  • blinking
  • lacrimal glands
  • meibomian glands
  • ciliary gland
  • bacteriostatic/cidal tear film
80
Q

lacrimal glands

A
  • tears
81
Q

meibomian glands

A
  • sebaceous glands on eyelid
82
Q

ciliary gland

A
  • aporcrine sweat glands on eyelid
83
Q

tear film comes from

A
  • glandular secretions of conjunctiva and cornea
84
Q

constant bathing of eyes with tears

A
  • dilutes and clears foreign substances via tear ducts into nasal passage
85
Q

tears contain

A
  • lysozyme
86
Q

lipid oil layer of eye

A
  • lubricates and prevent evaporation
87
Q

aqueous water layer of eye

A
  • nourishes and protects cornea
88
Q

mucin layer of eye

A
  • adheres tear to eye
89
Q

presence of innate immune defenses

A
  • present intrinsically without previous stimulation
90
Q

specificity of innate immune defenses

A
  • limited specificity
91
Q

innate immune defenses repeated exposure

A
  • not enhanced by repeated exposure
92
Q

diversity of expression of innate immune defenses

A
  • limited diversity of expression

IMM Exam 1 (20 decks)

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