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IMM Exam 1 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

innate immune system consists of

A
  • all the immune defense that lack immunologic memory
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2
Q

characteristic of innate responses

A
  • they remain unchanged however often the antigen is encountered
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3
Q

presence of innate immunity

A
  • always working and present in healthy people
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4
Q

how do phagocytic cells identify pathogens

A
  • recognition of PAMPS and DAMPs
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5
Q

PAMPS stands for

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns
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6
Q

DAMPS stands for

A
  • damaged/necrotic self

- damage-associated molecular patterns

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7
Q

coagulase negative staph on the skin

A
  • produce an antimicrobial peptide that can inhibit growth of Staphyloccous aureus
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8
Q

how does innate immunity distinguish between foreign and self?

A
  • responds to motifs that are characteristic of microbes but not of mammalian cells
  • gram negative LPS
  • viral double stranded RNA
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9
Q

dendritic cell type

A
  • bone marrow derived cell
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10
Q

dendritic cell function

A
  • phagocytosis

- initiation of T-cell responses

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11
Q

another name for neutrophil

A
  • polymorphonuclear leukocyte

- PMN

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12
Q

where do PMNs develop

A
  • the bone marrow
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13
Q

function of PMN

A
  • phagocytic cells
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14
Q

PMN characteristics

A
  • phagolysosome

- respiratory burst

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15
Q

PMN phagolysosome

A
  • engulf substances in vesicles called a phagolysosome where the microbe is killed and degraded
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16
Q

PMN respiratory burst

A
  • potent respiratory burst of reactive oxygen species to kill engulfed bacteria
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17
Q

life time of PMN

A
  • less than 2 days
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18
Q

macrophages are derived from

A
  • monocytes

- when they migrate into tissue spaces, they differentiate

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19
Q

macrophages characteristics

A
  • phagocytic

- create phagolyososome

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20
Q

macrophage function

A
  • serve to kill and degrade antigens
  • also present peptides from those antigens
  • professional antigen presenting cell (APC)
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21
Q

dendritic cells important in

A
  • immunosurveillance
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22
Q

dendritic cells function

A
  • present antigen to T cels
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23
Q

how to dendritic cels pick up antigen

A
  • through endocytosis

- less phagocytic than neutrophils and macrophages

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24
Q

follicular dendritic cells location

A
  • specialized stroll cells in lymph nodes and spleen
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25
Q

follicular dendritic cells function

A
  • trapping antigen

- presenting antigen to B cells

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26
Q

natural killer cells origin

A
  • arise and mature in bone marrow
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27
Q

natural killer cells contain

A
  • granzyme
  • perforin
  • cell surface receptors for IgG
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28
Q

function of natural killer cells

A
  • destroy virally infected and malignant cells
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29
Q

innate immune responses mediated by

A
  • proteins that recognize and interact with components specific to microbes
  • pattern recognition receptors
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30
Q

PAMPS

A
  • microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity
31
Q

two groups of pattern recognition receptors

three groups

A
  • secreted and circulating proteins and peptides
  • transmembrane and intracellular signal-transducing receptors
  • extracellular
  • cytosolic
  • endosomal
32
Q

what does the innate immune system recognize

A
  • structures that are shared by various classes of microbes

- not present on normal host cells

33
Q

what components of immunity recognize

A
  • bacterial endotoxin or LPS
  • terminal mannose residues of bacterial glycoproteins
  • dsRNA in viruses
  • unmethylated CG rich oligonucleotides in microbial DNA
34
Q

TLRs located on cell surfaces are specific for

A
  • microbial proteins
  • lipids
  • polysacchardies
35
Q

TLRs that recognize nucleic acids are located where

A
  • endosomes

- where microbes are engulfed

36
Q

what does TLR-2 recognize

A
  • several bacterial and parasitic glycolipids and peptidoglycans
37
Q

what do TLR-3,-7, and -8 recognize

A
  • viral ss and ds RNA
  • TLR-7 and -8 ss RNA
  • TLR-3 ds RNA
38
Q

what is TLR-4 specific for

A
  • bacterial LPS

- endotoxin

39
Q

what is TLR-5 specific for

A
  • bacterial flagellar protein

- flagellin

40
Q

what does TLR-9 recognize

A
  • unmethylated CpG DNA

- abundant in microbial genomes

41
Q

why have microbes not adapted to avoid motifs recognized by innate immunity

A
  • innate immunity targets motifs that are indispensable to the microbes
42
Q

primary reactions of the immune system

A
  • acute inflammation

- antiviral defense

43
Q

acute inflammation

A
  • recruitment and activation of leukocytes and plasma proteins at sites of infection or tissue injury
44
Q

innate immune defense against intracellular viruses mediated mainly by

A
  • interferon system
45
Q

components of interferon system

A
  • type I

- type II

46
Q

type I interferons

A
  • alpha

- beta

47
Q

type II interferons

A
  • gamma
48
Q

what detects a virus attack

A
  • pattern recognition receptors on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and macrophages
49
Q

what warning proteins are released

A
  • interferon alpha and beta
50
Q

what TLRs do innate immunity cells use to detect viral RNA and DNA

A
  • TLR 7 and TLR 9
51
Q

function of natural killer cells

A
  • deliver suicide enzymes to target self destruction
52
Q

macrophage with phagocytosed microbes

A
  • secretes IL-12 to recruit NK
  • pokes holes in cells through perforin
  • secretes IFN gamma which helps macrophage kill
  • IFN gamma just makes macrophages much better at killing things
53
Q

what accompanies inflammation and tissue injury

A
  • increase in concentration of plasma proteins

- referred to as acute phase reactants

54
Q

what contributes to host defense and other adaptive capabilities

A
  • usually level of various proteins maintained by homeostatic mechanisms change substantially
55
Q

IL-6

A
  • chief stimulator of production of most acute phase proteins
56
Q

other implicated cytokines

A
  • influence subgroups of acute phase proteins
57
Q

conditions that commonly lead to substantial changes in plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins

A
  • infection
  • trauma
  • surgery
  • burns
  • tissue infarction
  • various immunologically mediated inflammatory conditions
  • advanced cancer
58
Q

acute phase protein definition

A
  • one whose plasma concentration increases or decreasing by at least 25 percent during inflammatory disorders
59
Q

positive acute phase proteins

A
  • concentration increases
60
Q

negative acute phase proteins

A
  • concentration decreases
61
Q

what produces acute phase proteins

A
  • hepatocytes
62
Q

function of c reactive protein

A
  • promotes recognition and elimination of pathogens

- enhances clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells

63
Q

pro inflammatory effects of CRP

A
  • activation of complement system

- induction in monocytes of inflammatory cytokines

64
Q

serum amyloid A proteins function

A
  • influence cholesterol metabolism during inflammatory states
65
Q

pro-inflammatory roles on complement components

A
  • chemotaxis
  • plasma protein exudation at sites of inflammation
  • opsonization of infectious agent and damaged cells
66
Q

haptoglobin and hemopexin

A
  • antioxidants
67
Q

haptoglobin function

A
  • removes iron-containing cell-free hemoglobin from circulation
68
Q

hemopexin function

A
  • removes iron-containing cell free heme from the circulation
69
Q

hepcidin function

A
  • decrease serum iron
  • reduces intestinal iron absorption
  • impairs release of iron from macrophages
70
Q

fibrinogen function

A
  • influences wound healing

- causes endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation

71
Q

clinical use of serum acute phase reactant proteins

A
  • abnormalities reflect presence and intensity of an inflammatory process
72
Q

limits of APR measurement

A
  • cannot distinguish infection from other causes of acute and chronic inflammation
73
Q

a person lacking innate immune response

A
  • shows uncontrolled infection
74
Q

a person lacking adaptive immune response

A
  • shows initial containment but not effectively cleared from the body

IMM Exam 1 (20 decks)

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