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IMM Exam 1 > Humoral Responses > Flashcards

Humoral Responses Flashcards

1
Q

secreted antibodies bind to

A
  • extracellular microbes
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2
Q

following binding of antibodies to extracellular microbes

A
  • microbes are ingested by phagocytic cells
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3
Q

what enhanced the microbe-killing abilities of phagocytic cells

A
  • helper T cells
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4
Q

function of helper T cells

A
  • recruit leukocytes to destroy microbes

- strengthen epithelial barrier to expel microbes

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5
Q

when B cells engage polysaccharide or lipid antigen

A
  • plasma cells secrete IgM only
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6
Q

when B cells engage protein antigen only

A
  • requires assistance from CD4+ helper T cells for full response
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7
Q

B cells acting as antigen presenter cells for protein antigen

A
  • ingest protein antigen
  • degrade them
  • display peptides bound to MHC II for recognition by helper T cells
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8
Q

how helper T cells activate B cells

A
  • express cytokine and cell surface proteins

- work together to activate B cells

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9
Q

specificity of the antibodies secreted by B cells

A
  • exactly like the antigen-binding specificity as the starting B cell receptor
  • one B cell makes one antibody of one specificity to one epitope
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10
Q

using polysaccharides and lipids as antigen only

A
  • stimulates synthesis of IgM
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11
Q

using protein antigens with help from helper T cells

A
  • production of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies
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12
Q

isotype switching

A
  • making different antibodies

- same specificity

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13
Q

affinity maturation

A
  • helper T cells stimulate production of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen
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14
Q

naive B cell has which antibodies on it surface

A
  • IgM

- IgD

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15
Q

Do B cells need fragments or whole molecules for recognition?

A
  • whole molecules
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16
Q

antibody molecules composed of

A
  • two identical light chains

- two identical heavy chains

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17
Q

antigen binding fragment

A
  • Fab region
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18
Q

what recognizes the Fc region

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • have Fc receptors
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19
Q

IgA found

A
  • mucosal areas
  • nose
  • breathing passages
  • digestive tract
  • ears
  • eyes
  • vagina
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20
Q

IgA antibodies protect

A
  • body surfaces exposed to outside foreign antigen

- mucosal immunity

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21
Q

IgG antibodies found

A
  • in all body fluids
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22
Q

IgG antibodies compared to other antibodies

A
  • most common antibody of all the antibodies in the body

- only antibody that can cross the placenta

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23
Q

IgG antibodies important in

A
  • fighting bacterial and viral infections
  • opsonization
  • complement activation
  • antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  • neonatal immunity
  • feedback inhibition of B cells
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24
Q

IgM antibodies compared to other antibodies

A
  • they are the largest antibody

- pentamer

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25
Q

IgM antibodies found

A
  • in blood and lymph
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26
Q

IgM antibodies importance

A
  • first type of antibody made in response to an infection
  • naive B cells antigen receptor
  • complement activation
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27
Q

IgE antibodies found

A
  • lungs
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
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28
Q

IgE antibody importance

A
  • involved in allergic reactions (mast cell hypersensitivity)
  • cause the body to react against foreign substances like pollen, fungus spores, and animal dander
  • high in people with allergies
  • defense against helminthic parasites
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29
Q

IgD antibodies found

A
  • surface of newly matured B cells
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30
Q

which antibody is best with neutralization

A
  • IgG

- IgA

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31
Q

which antibody is best for opsonization

A
  • IgG1
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32
Q

which antibody is best for sensitization of mast cells

A

IgE

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33
Q

which antibody is best for complement activation

A
  • IgM

- IgG3

34
Q

which antibody can transport across epithelium

A
  • IgA
35
Q

which antibody can transport across the placenta

A
  • IgG1
36
Q

which antibody can diffuse into extravascular sites

A
  • IgG
37
Q

B cell maturation process

A
  • stem cell
  • Pro-B
  • Pre-B
  • immature B
  • mature B
38
Q

Ig expression of mature B

A
  • membrane IgM and IgD
39
Q

mature B cells are called

A
  • follicular B cells

- found in lymph node and spleen follicles

40
Q

marginal zone B cells found

A
  • margins of the splenic follicles
41
Q

marginal zone B cells develop

A
  • from the same progenitors as do follicular B cells
42
Q

B-1 lymphocytes found

A
  • in lymphoid organs

- peritoneal cavity

43
Q

B-1 lymphocyte development

A
  • may develop early

- may develop from different precursors

44
Q

follicular B cells with protein antigen + helper T cells

A
  • isotope switched
  • high affinity antibodies
  • long lived plasma cells
45
Q

marginal zone B cells with lipid, polysaccharides

A
  • mainly IgM

- short lived plasma cells

46
Q

B-1 cells with lipid, polysaccharides

A
  • mainly IgM

- short lived plasma cells

47
Q

primary response lag after immunization

A
  • 5-10 days
48
Q

secondary response lag after immunization

A
  • 1-3 days
49
Q

primary response peak response

A
  • smaller
50
Q

secondary response peak response

A
  • larger
51
Q

primary response antibody isotype

A
  • IgM>IgG
52
Q

secondary response antibody isotype

A
  • increase in IgG

- sometimes IgA or IgE

53
Q

primary response antibody affinity

A
  • lower average affinity

- more variable

54
Q

secondary response antibody affinity

A
  • higher average affinity

- affinity maturation

55
Q

C3d

A
  • breakdown product of C3b
  • binds B cells through complement receptor type 2
  • CR2 or CD21
56
Q

engagement of CR2 by C3d

A
  • enhances antigen-dependent activation responses of B cells
57
Q

B cells and toll-like receptors

A
  • B cells express numerous toll-like receptors
58
Q

TLR engagement on B cell by microbial products

A
  • triggers activating signals that work in concert with signals from B cell receptor
59
Q

Expression of TLRs in B cells

A
  • provides a cell-intrinsic mechanism for innate signals regulating adaptive immune responses
60
Q

functional consequences of B cell activation by antigen

A
  • entry into cell cycle: mitosis
  • increased expression of cytokine receptors
  • low-level IgM secretion
61
Q

significance of entry into cell cycle, mitosis

A
  • clonal expansion
62
Q

significance of increased expression of cytokine receptors

A
  • ability to respond to cytokines produced by helper T cells
63
Q

significance of migration out of lymphoid follicles

A
  • interaction with helper T cells
64
Q

significance of secretion of low levels of IgM

A
  • early phase of humoral immune response
65
Q

activation of CD4 helper T cells and B cells

A
  • independently activated by a protein antigen

- in different regions of a lymph node

66
Q

CD4s activated where in lymph node

A
  • extra follicular
67
Q

B cells activated where in lymph node

A
  • follicle
68
Q

B cells present antigen on

A
  • MHC II
69
Q

activated helper cells express

A
  • CD40 ligand

- SUPER IMPORTANT FOR ACTIVATING B cells

70
Q

activated helper cells secrete

A
  • cytokines

- act on B cells to initiate proliferation and differentiation to plasma cells

71
Q

After B and helper T cells are activated, where do they go

A
  • migrate back to follicle

- B cells proliferate

72
Q

what forms while B cells proliferate

A
  • a germinal center
73
Q

proliferating germinal center B cells undergo

A
  • somatic mutation of antibody gene variable regions

- Ig heavy-chain isotype switching

74
Q

what is selected in the germinal center

A
  • high affinity B cells

- results in production of high affinity antibodies

75
Q

high affinity antibodies leads to generation of

A
  • long-lived plasma cells

- memory B cells

76
Q

where do long-lived plasma cells migrate to

A
  • bone marrow

- where they secrete IgG

77
Q 
what cytokine helps with class switching to IgG
- secreted by
A
  • interferon gamma

- Th1

78
Q 
what cytokine helps with class switching to IgE
- secreted by
A
  • IL-4

- Th2

79
Q 
what cytokine helps with class switching to IgA
- secreted by
A
  • TGF-B

- BAFF

80
Q

how to get affinity maturation

A
  • have already undergone somatic mutation and have different affinities for antigen
  • B cells with high affinity membrane Ig bind antigen on follicular dendritic cells
  • present that antigen to helper T cells
  • those survive

IMM Exam 1 (20 decks)

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