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IMM Exam 1 > Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

which are 30S inhibitors?

A
  • aminoglycosides

- tetracyclines

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2
Q

which are 50S inhibitors?

A
  • chloramphenicol
  • macrolides
  • lincosamides
  • streptogramins
  • oxazolidinones
  • CLOMS
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3
Q

aminoglycosides bacteriostatic/cidal

A
  • bactericidal
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4
Q

aminoglycosides used best against

A
  • gram negative rods
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5
Q

aminoglycosides mechanism of action

A
  • disrupt LPS in outer membrane
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6
Q

examples of aminoglycosides

A
  • streptomycin
  • gentamycin

S AND G IN aminoGlycoSide

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7
Q

aminoglycosides don’t work well against

A
  • anaerobes are intrinsically resistant
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8
Q

aminoglycosides and pH

A
  • reduced activity at low pH
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9
Q

enzymatically inactivate aminoglycosides

A
  • modification by phosphorylation, adenylation or acetylation
  • enzymes encoded on mobile genetic elements
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10
Q

alter drug target aminoglycosides

A
  • methylation of rRNA

- mutation of ribosomal protein

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11
Q

alter drug exposure aminoglycosides

A
  • decreased uptake nonspecific

- increased efflux (P. aeruginosa)

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12
Q

aminoglycosides and beta lactams

A
  • beta lactams pre-weaken structure of bacterial envelope

- allows amino glycoside to get in

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13
Q

tetracycline bacteriostatic/cidal

A
  • bacteriostatic
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14
Q

tetracycline used against

A
  • gram positives
  • gram negatives
  • mycoplasma
  • intracellular bacteria
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15
Q

tetracycline examples

A
  • tetracycline
  • doxycycline

CYCLINES

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16
Q

which has troubles with divalent cations

A
  • tetracycline

- divalent cations inhibit absorption of drug in GI tract

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17
Q

which has contraindications

A
  • tetracycline
  • in pregnancy
  • young children
  • inhibition of bone growth
  • discoloration of teeth
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18
Q

tetracycline and beta lactamases

A
  • avoid!
  • beta lactams will only work on actively dividing cells
  • static interferes with the cidal activity
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19
Q

tetracycline alter drug exposure

A
  • lots of efflux pumps

- most are effective against tetracycline itself

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20
Q

tetracycline alter drug target

A
  • ribosome protection proteins

- bind to ribosome and displace drug from binding site

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21
Q

chloramphenicol bacteriostatic/cidal

A
  • bacteriostatic
  • cidal against important encapsulated organisms
  • broad spectrum
  • synthetic
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22
Q

chloramphenicol and ribosome

A
  • binds 50S bacterial

- but not 60S human

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23
Q

chloramphenicol enzymatically inactivate drug

A
  • modified by acetyl transferases
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24
Q

macrolides bacteriostatic/cidal

A
  • bacteriostatic
25
Q

macrolides work best against

A
  • gram positives
  • Chlamydia gram negative

POSITIVE THAT LIAR GAVE ME CHLAMYDIA WHEN HE ASSURED ME HE WAS NEGATIVE

LIE FROM MACROLIDE

26
Q

macrolides examples

A
  • erythromycin
  • azithromycin

RO to RO

27
Q

lincosamides bacteriostatic/cidal

A
  • bacteriostatic
28
Q

lincosamides work best against

A
  • gram positive and gram negatives

- anaerobes

29
Q

lincosamides example

A
  • clindamycin

LINC TO CLIN

30
Q

lincosamides used well against what pathogen

A
  • C. diff associated pseudomembranous colitis
31
Q

streptogramins A and B individually

A
  • individually bacteriostatic
32
Q

streptogramins A and B together

A
  • bactericidal together
33
Q

streptogramin A works against which process

A
  • peptide bond formation
34
Q

streptogramin B works against which process

A
  • chain elongation
35
Q

MLSB

A
  • resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogrammin B
36
Q

MLSB resistance

A
  • cross resistance due to similar mechanisms of action
37
Q

MlSB alter drug target

A
  • ribosome methylation by erm genes
38
Q

erm genes stand for

A
  • erythromycin ribosome methylation genes
39
Q

erm expression

A
  • constitute or inducible
40
Q

determine inducible clindamycin resistance

A
  • use D test

- makes it look like a D on the plate

41
Q

Oxazolidinones bacteriostatic/cidal

A
  • bacteriostatic
42
Q

Oxazolidinones work best against

A
  • gram positives that are resistant to other antibiotics
43
Q

Oxazolidinones bind to

A
  • 23S in 50S subunit
44
Q

Oxazolidinones cross resistance

A
  • no cross resistance with other protein synthesis inhibitors
45
Q

Oxazolidinones example

A
  • linezolid

ZOLID ZOLID

46
Q

Oxazolidinones alter drug target

A

mutations in 23S rRNA

47
Q

folate synthesis inhibitors

A
  • trimethoprim

- sulfonamides

48
Q

RNA synthesis inhibitors

A
  • rifamycin

- bind to DdRp wit higher affinity than human enzyme

49
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitors

A
  • fluoroquinolones
  • target topoisomerase
  • Cipro
50
Q

agents that damage DNA

A
  • nitroimidazoles
  • form toxic free radicals
  • Metronidazole
51
Q

VanA locus

A
  • constitutive resistance - all resistant or all susceptible when it burns out
  • constant expression of D-Ala-D-lac
52
Q

Van B locus

A
  • inducible resistance - more of a spectrum of values for susceptibility
  • temporary expression of D-Ala-D-lac
53
Q

which costs more in terms of fitness - inducible or constitutive?

A
  • constitutive
54
Q

inhibit peptidoglycan synthesiis

A
  • phosphomycin
  • cycloserine
  • bacitracin
  • glycopeptides
  • beta lactams

PROFESSOR CREWS GOES BEYOND BOARDS

55
Q

agents that act on mycobacterial cell walls

A
  • isoniazid

- ethambutol

56
Q

isoniazid

A
  • inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
57
Q

ethambutol

A
  • inhibits arabinotransferases
58
Q

lipopeptides

A
  • disrupt cell membrane of G+ bacteria
  • poke holes in it
  • daptomycin

IMM Exam 1 (20 decks)

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