Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMM Exam 1 > Immune System, Cells, and Molecules > Flashcards

Immune System, Cells, and Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

organs and tissues divided into two groups based on role in cellular development and host defense

A
  • primary

- secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

another name for primary

A
  • central

- regenerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

another name for secondary

A
  • peripheral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

primary composed of

A
  • contain developing lymphocytes

- bone marrow, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secondary composed of

A
  • contain more mature cells active in host defense

- spleen, lymph nodes, MALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MALT includes

A
  • tonsils
  • adenoid
  • appendix
  • Peyer’s patches in GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bone marrow

A
  • site of hematopoiesis

- also site of B cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • the development of all blood cells from progenitor stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens as a person ages

A
  • most hematopoiesis occurs in flat bones
  • sternum
  • vertebrae
  • ileac
  • ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

thymus location

A
  • bi-lobed organ in upper anterior thorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

thymus each lobe surrounded by

A
  • capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

thymus lobes divided

A
  • into multiple lobules

- by fibrous septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thymus each lobule consists of

A
  • outer cortex

- inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how cells enter/leave thymus

A
  • enter via blood

- exit via efferent lymphatic vessels or blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

thymus drains into

A
  • mediastinal lymph nodes

- venous drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

thymus and aging

A
  • undergoes physiologic involution with aging

- difficult to locate by puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thymus function

A
  • maturation and selection of T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spleen location

A
  • large, vascular organ located in left upper quadrant of the abdomen
  • under the diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

spleen blood supply

A
  • supplied by a single artery

- dividing into smaller branches/arterioles at the hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

two sections of the spleen

A
  • white pulp

- red pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

white pulp

A
  • contains lymphocytes
  • T cells near arterioles in the periarteriolar sheath
  • B cells are more peripheral in B cell ring or corona
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

red pulp

A
  • involved with red blood cell breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of spleen

A
  • major site of immune responses to pathogen and other foreign substances in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

structure of lymph nodes

A
  • outer fibrous capsule
  • multiple afferent lymphatic vessels
  • one efferent lymphatic vessel (subcapsular sinus)
  • three concentric regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

concentric regions of lymph nodes

A
  • cortex (B cells)
  • paracortex (T cells)
  • medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cortex

A
  • has cell aggregates called follicles
  • may contain germinal centers
  • where B cells are located
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

lymph nodes and foreign antigens

A
  • often the first organized lymphoid structure to encounter foreign antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

fluid from lymph node

A
  • enriched with antibodies and more lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cervical node location

A
  • head and neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cervical node site of drainage

A
  • scalp
  • face
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

axillary node location

A
  • axilla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

axillary node site of drainage

A
  • arm
  • chest wall
  • breast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

inguinal node location

A
  • groin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

inguinal node site of drainage

A
  • genitalia
  • buttock
  • anus
  • abdominal wall
  • leg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

mediastinal node location

A
  • in/near mediastinum

- central posterior thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

mediastinal node site of drainage

A
  • mid-chest
  • upper abdomen
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mesenteric node location

A
  • lower abdomen

- near intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

mesenteric node site of drainage

A
  • small and large intestine

- upper rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

MALT definition

A
  • aggregates of lymphocytes found throughout mucosal surfaces in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mucosal surfaces in body

A
  • gastrointestinal
  • respiratory
  • urogenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

MALT divided into

A
  • GALT
  • BALT
  • NALT
  • VALT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

GALT

A
  • Gut associated lymphoid tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

GALT includes

A
  • tonsils
  • adenoids
  • appendix
  • Peyer’s patches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

BALT

A
  • bronchial/tracheal-assocaited lymphoid tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

NALT

A
  • nose-associated lymphoid tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

VALT

A
  • vulvovaginal-associated lymphoid tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

antibody producing plasma cells in MALT as compared to other tissues

A
  • far exceeds number in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow combined
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

importance of MALT

A

provide crucial defense against pathogens encountering mucosal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

lymph system contains

A
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • plasma
  • no red blood cells (erythrocytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

structure of lymph system

A
  • branching system with components in both both superficial and deep tissues
  • NOT a circular system
  • capillaries (smallest vessels) extend into tissues and eventually have closed ends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

main functions of lymphatic system

A
  • collect/drain excess fluid from surrounding tissues and return it to the vascular system
  • absorb fat from the villi of the small intestine
  • be a conduit for immune cells to travel through the nodes and back into circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

lymphatic drainage initiated by

A
  • interstitial fluid uptake in lymphatic capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

lymphatic drainage flow

A
  • no pump (heart)
  • flow by skeletal muscle contraction, arterial pulsation, unidirectional valves that prevent back flow
  • smooth muscle in walls of larger vessels
  • flow through multiple lymph nodes before entering circulation in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

lymph drainage systems

A
  • 2 separate, asymmetric systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

right lymphatic duct collects from

A
  • lymph from upper right areas of the body
    • right side of head
    • heart and lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

right lymphatic duct drains into

A
  • right subclavian vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

rest of body drains into

that duct drains into

A
  • into thoracic duct

- then drains into left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is in the lymph entering the lymph node

A
  • phagocytic cells and antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

initiation of immune response

A
  • processing of foreign antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

fluid exiting nodes

A
  • exists with higher number of immune cells and antibodies
62
Q

Virchow’s node

A
  • node in the left supraclavicular region

- receives drainage from abdomen

63
Q

enlarged node in Virchow’s node

A
  • concerning for certain malignancies involving the abdomen or left chest
64
Q

definition of lymphedema

A
  • interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymphatic flow
65
Q

lymphedema

A
  • usually progressive, can lead to tissue hypertrophy and fibrosis
  • swelling, skin changes, pain, restricted range of motion, and non pitting edema
66
Q

complications of lymphedema

A
  • skin infections
  • malignancy
  • reduced quality of life including aspects of emotional, physical, and social well being
67
Q

primary lymphedema

A
  • associated with genetic or inherited conditions

- associated with lymphatic disruption

68
Q

secondary lymphedema

A
  • due to underlying disease or a consequence of prior treatment
  • mostly due to malignancy or cancer therapy
69
Q

secondary lymphedema etiology

A
  • obstruction of lymphatic vessels or nodes (compression by a tumor)
  • infiltration of the vessels by tumor cells
  • most common in breast cancer
70
Q

filariasis due to

A
  • infection by the nematode Wuchereria boncrofti

- infection transmitted by mosquitos

71
Q

standard method for diagnosing active filariasis

A
  • blood draw at night when they are in peripheral blood

- serological enzyme alternate testing as well

72
Q

main goal of treatment of filariasis

A
  • to kill the worm
73
Q

treatment for filariasis

A
  • dethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)

- microfilaricidal and active against adult worm

74
Q

do we use DEC for lymphedema and elephantiasis

A
  • no

- most people with lymphedema are not actively infected with the filarial parasite

75
Q

lymphangitis

A
  • inflammation or infection of the lymph vessels
76
Q

lymphangitis site of infection

A
  • site of infection distal to affected vessels
77
Q

lymphangitis pathogen

A
  • strep pyogenes

- Strep A

78
Q

chylothorax

A
  • accumulation of lymph in thorax
79
Q

chylothorax due to

A
  • severing thoracic duct during surgery
80
Q

lymphadenopathy

A
  • enlargement (<1 cm) of one or more lymph nodes
81
Q

localized lymphadenopathy

A
  • when present in only 1 body area
82
Q

generalized lymphadenopathy

A
  • when present in more than 2 body areas
83
Q

lymphadenitis

A
  • lymphadenopathy with pain and/or signs of inflammation

- usually associated with active infection

84
Q

lymphoma

A
  • malignancy of varied cells of the immune system
85
Q

first line of defense against microorganisms

A
  • intact skin and mucous membranes
86
Q

second line of defense

A
  • innate (natural) arm of immune system

- from 0-12 hours

87
Q

highly specific protection provided by

A
  • adaptive (acquired) immune system
  • takes several days to become fully functional
  • 1-7 days
88
Q

two components of the adaptive arm

A
  • cell mediated immunity

- antibody mediated (humoral) immunity

89
Q

innate response uses

A
  • epithelial barriers
  • phagocytic cells
  • cells that release inflammatory mediators
  • natural killer cells
90
Q

phagocytic cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
91
Q

cells that release inflammatory mediators

A
  • basophils
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
92
Q

adaptive responses involve

A
  • proliferation of antigen-specific B-and T-cells
93
Q

when does the adaptive response occur

A
  • when the surface receptor of these cells binds to an antigen
94
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A
  • display the antigen to lymphocytes

- collaborate with them in the response to the antigen

95
Q

innate response immune cells

A
  • neutrophil
  • monocyte/macrophage
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • natural killer
96
Q

neutrophil type

A
  • WBC granulocyte
97
Q

neutrophil function

A
  • engulf bacteria and fungi

- oxidative burst

98
Q

monocyte/macrophage type

A
  • WBC Mononuclear
99
Q

monocyte/macrophage function

A
  • engulf bacteria, fungi, and cellular debris
  • produce cytokines
  • antigen processing
100
Q

eosinophil type

A
  • WBC granulocyte
101
Q

eosinophil function

A
  • allergic response

- parasitic infection

102
Q

basophil type

A
  • WBC granulocyte
103
Q

basophil response

A
  • hypersensitivity

- release histamine

104
Q

mast cell type

A
  • bone marrow derived cell
105
Q

mast cell function

A
  • granules contain vasoactive amines like histamines

- proteases kill bacteria

106
Q

natural killer cell type

A
  • WBC lymphocyte
107
Q

natural killer cell function

A
  • recognizes stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage-activating cytokine interferon gamma
108
Q

adaptive response immune cells

A
  • B cell

- T cell

109
Q

B cells

A
  • plasma cell

- memory cell

110
Q

B cell type

A
  • WBC Lymphocyte
111
Q

B cell function

A
  • specific recognition of antigens as mediator of HUMORAL immunity
112
Q

T cells

A
  • helper
  • cytotoxic
  • regulatory
  • memory
113
Q

T cell type

A
  • WBC lymphocyte
114
Q

T cell function

A
  • specific recognition of antigens as mediator of CELL-MEDIATED immunity
115
Q

B lymphocyte

A
  • neutralization of microbe
  • phagocytosis
  • complement activation
116
Q

Helper T lymphocyte

A
  • activation of macrophages
  • inflammation
  • activation (proliferation and differentiation) of T and B lymphocytes
117
Q

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

A
  • killing of infected cell
118
Q

regulatory T lymphocyte

A
  • suppression of immune response
119
Q

natural killer cell

A
  • killing of infected cell
120
Q

antigen presenting cells

A
  • macrophage
  • dendritic
  • follicular dendritic
121
Q

origin of macrophage

A
  • bone marrow derived
122
Q

functions of macrophage

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation
  • effector phase of CMI
123
Q

locations of macrophage

A
  • lymph nodes
  • immune tissues
  • immune organs
124
Q

dendritic origin

A
  • bone marrow derived
125
Q

dendritic functions

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation
  • initiation of T-cell responses
126
Q

dendritic locations

A
  • lymph nodes
  • immune tissues
  • immune organs
127
Q

follicular dendritic origin

A
  • mesenchymal derived
128
Q

follicular dendritic functions

A
  • antigen presentation

- display of antigen to B cells in humoral immune response

129
Q

follicular dendritic location

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • MALT
130
Q

cytokines

A
  • group of proteins produced and secrets by immune and non-immune cells
  • act as intercellular mediators to alter biological response
131
Q

autocrine

A
  • cytokine acts on same cell that secretes it
132
Q

paracrine

A
  • acts on adjacent or nearby cell
133
Q

endocrine

A
  • acts at a distance to stimulate cells
134
Q

autocrine cytokine example

A
  • IL-2 produced by T cells

- aids in stimulation and proliferation of same cell

135
Q

paracrine cytokine example

A
  • A T cell engages a macrophage and secretes interferon gamma to activate the macrophage
136
Q

endocrine cytokine example

A
  • GM-CSF can be made by T cells at a site of infection

- if made in sufficient quantities it affects granulocyte production in bone marrow

137
Q

cytokine receptors

A
  • homodimers or heterodimers

- become phosphorylated and activate signaling molecules

138
Q

JAK-STAT signaling pathway

A
  • major pathway involved in immune regulation
  • cytokine interacts with cytokine receptor, activates signaling molecule JAK, JAK activates other molecules such as STAT
  • STAT is a transcription factor that moves into the nucleus, binds promoters, and induces gene transcription
  • new proteins stimulate target cell action/function
139
Q

JAK

A
  • Janis Kinase
140
Q

STAT

A
  • Signal transducer and activator of transcription
141
Q

Top pro inflammatory cytokines

A
  • TNF-alpha
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
142
Q

chemokines

A
  • small chemo-attractant molecules that cause cells to migrate toward a concentration gradient of the membrane
143
Q

what expresses chemokine receptors?

A
  • the target

- responding cells

144
Q

what does activation of the target receptor do?

A
  • signals cytoskeleton rearrangement

- cell moves to areas with highest chemokine concentration

145
Q

categories of chemokines based on

A
  • position or arrangement of cysteine amino acids
146
Q

4 caregories of chemokines

A
  • CC
  • CXC
  • single C
  • CXXXC

X is any other amino acid

147
Q

CXCL8

A
  • Important for recruitment of neutrophils

- CLEAN UP ON AISLE 8

148
Q

CXCL2

A
  • recruits naive T cells

- 2 TYPES OF 2 CELLS

149
Q

CCL2

A
  • helps activate and recruit macrophages

CCL2 HAS 3 LETTER
MAC IS SHORT FOR MACROPHAGE WHICH ALSO HAS 3 LETTERS

150
Q

protease inhibitors

A
  • enzymes that cleave proteins and breakdown inhibitors
151
Q

alpha 2 macroglobulin

A
  • helps prevent the dissemination of pathogens
152
Q

defensins

A
  • can penetrate microbial membranes

- destroy bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses

IMM Exam 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions