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Neurology > Microanatomy of eye > Flashcards

Microanatomy of eye Flashcards

1
Q

What structure produces tear?

A

Lacrimal glands

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2
Q

What protective structures does the eye have?

A
  • adipose tissue
  • eyelids
  • eyelashes
  • fluid
  • eyebrow
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3
Q

What are the black, coloured and white aspects of the eye called?

A

White - sclera
coloured - iris
black - pupil

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4
Q

What are the medial and lateral walls of the eyelid called?

A

medial and lateral commissures

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5
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

area between either eyelid (eyelid also called palpebral)

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6
Q

What is the general function of the eye?

A

1) converts shape, colour and light intensity of objects into nerve signals which are sent to the optic nerve to create an image
2) focus
3) depth perception
4) balance

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7
Q

What is the lacrimal caruncle?

A
  • located at medial wall of eye

- where glands open into the eye (enter via punctum)

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8
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball wall?

A
  • sclera (posterior) & cornea (anterior) - outer layer
  • Uvea - middle layer
  • Retina - inner layer
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9
Q

What structures make up Uvea?

A

1) iris (anterior)
2) Ciliary body
3) Choroid (posterior)
(all very vascular)

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10
Q

What do the cornea and sclera look like?

A

cornea - colourless

Sclera - opaque and white

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11
Q

What is function of the cornea and sclera?

A

Cornea
- responsible for lots of refractive properties (bends the light)

Sclera
- attachment site for intraocular muscles

Both

  • protective
  • maintain eyeballs shape
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12
Q

What structure is found between cornea and sclera?

A
  • limbus

- zone of transition for the epithelium

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13
Q

Why is the Uvea pigmented and highly vascular?

A
  • To block any light that is not coming through the pupil

- mediator of nutrition and gas exchange so lots of blood needs to move through

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A

1) Outer pigmented (epithelial)
2) Inner retinal layer (photosensitive layer)

Photosensitive layer not present in anterior 1/3

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15
Q

What are the five layers of the cornea?

A
  • Epithelium SSNK
  • Bowman’s layer
  • Stroma (collagen uniform and parallel to make transparent)
  • Descemet’s membrane
  • Corneal endothelium
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16
Q

What are the two aqueous chambers called and where are they located?

A

1) Anterior aqueous chamber (between cornea and iris)

2) posterior aqueous chamber (between iris and lens)

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17
Q

What glands secrete into the eye?

A
  • accessory lacrimal glands
  • Meibomian glands
  • apocrine glands
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18
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A
  • provide protection and lubrication of eye
  • prevents microbial entrance
  • produces mucus and tears
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19
Q

What happens to the choroid as you age?

A

blood vessels in choroid start to build up lipid deposits which can prevent diffusion of nutrients to retina

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20
Q

What is the function of the outer pigmented layer of the retina?

A
  • pigment absorbs any extraneous light
  • made up of RPE (retinal pigment epithelial cells) provide Vit A for photoreceptors
  • RPE establish blood brain barrier with tight junctions
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21
Q

Where would you find vitreous body

A

fills the area between lens and optic disc

22
Q

What is the function of the vitreous body?

A
  • contributes to magnifying power of eye
  • supports lens
  • holds layers of retina in place
23
Q

Why is the cornea dome shaped?

A

in order to bend the light passing through it

24
Q

Which layer of cornea is most sensitive to damage?

A

bowman’s layer, will scar and lose visual acuity if damaged

epithelium able to heal itself

25
Q

What parts of the eye will have contact with the tear film?

A
  • cornea

- conjunctiva

26
Q

What is Descemet’s membrane made up of?

A

collagen type 4

27
Q

The iris is an extension of which part of the uvea?

A

Ciliary body which is a thicker part of the choroid

28
Q

What is the pupil?

A

gap in centre of the iris (meaning iris can change size of pupil)

29
Q

Describe the anterior epithelium of the iris?

A
  • Double layered (anterior and posterior layer)
  • anterior have contractile properties
  • posterior heavily pigmented blocking light rays
30
Q

Describe structure of ciliary body?

A
  • ciliary muscle
  • ## ciliary process come of muscle and extend toward lens
31
Q

Describe the epithelium present in ciliary processes?

A

inner pigmented layer and outer layer unpigmented which secrete aqueous humour

32
Q

What is the function of aqueous humour?

A
  • assists in corneal refraction of light

- provides O2 and nutrients to lens and cornea

33
Q

What pathway does the aqueous humour move through (from creation to drainage)?

A

1) created in ciliary processes
2) moves through iris to pupil and out again through pupil
3) into anterior chamber
4) drains through trabecular meshwork
5) trabecular meshwork drains into canal of Schlemm (venous system)

34
Q

What is the problem with a blockage of drainage of aqueous humour?

A
  • will increase pressure in eye
  • can impede on optic nerve leading to vision loss
  • can cause glaucoma
35
Q

What are the layers of the lens?

A
  • outer capsule (collagen T4)
  • lens epithelium
  • lens fibres (formed from lens epithelium cells which over time have been pushed back, lost their nuclei and been filled with crystallins to form fibres)
36
Q

What condition is caused by accumulation of debris in lens fibres?

A

cataracts which is more common in diabetics becasue high glucose increases deposition

37
Q

Function of retina?

A

convert photons of light picked up by neural retina into energy

38
Q

Give examples of cell types found in sensory/neural retina?

A

1) Photoreceptor neurones - rods and cones
2) Conducting neurones - bipolar and ganglion cells
3) association neurones - horizontal and amacrine cells
4) neuroglial cells - Muller cells

39
Q

What is the difference between rods and cones?

A

Rods

  • more sensitive to light and motion
  • very active at night

Cones

  • sensitive to specific wavelengths of light (allow colour detection)
  • used to assess spacial acuity
  • larger diameter
40
Q

What are the layers of the sensory retina?

A

Anterior
- Nerve fibre layer (axons of retinal ganglion cells)
- Ganglion cell layer (nuclei of retinal ganglion cells)
- Inner plexiform Layer (neurone synapses between axons and dendrites)
- Inner nucleus layer (cell bodies of glial, amocrine, bipolar and horizontal neuronal cells)
- Outer plexiform layer (neurone synapses between axons and dendrites)
- Outer nucleus layer (Cell bodies of R&C’s)
- external limiting membrane (Glial cells)
- Photoreceptor cells (R&C)
Posterior

41
Q

What structure will the axon of retinal ganglion cells become?

A

optic nerve

42
Q

Describe structure of the rods & cones?

A

1) outer segment (captures light and converts into electrical stimulus)
2) inner segment (contains most cell organelles e.g. mitochondria
3) Nucleus
4) Synaptic bouton

Cilium connects nucleus to inner segment and synaptic bouton

43
Q

Where are most of the rods and cones located?

A

macula
cones concentrated in fovea
rods located more peripherally

44
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

point at which axons from ganglion cells merge to form optic nerve
also known as blind spot as no photoreceptors

45
Q

What is the two functions of the palpebrae?

A
  • prevent entrance of foreign bodies

- help distribute tear film across cornea by blinking

46
Q

Why does the cornea need tearfilm?

A

avascular so need tear film to get O2/nutrients

47
Q

What is the function of the apocrine sweat glands/

A

add lysosome and other antibacterial agents to tear film

48
Q

What does the conjunctiva add to the tear film?

A

contain goblet cells which make mucus secretions

49
Q

What muscle is found in the eyelids

A

orbicularis oculi muscle

50
Q

What is the tarsal plate?

A

fibroelastic tissue containing meibomian glands

51
Q

What do meibomian glands secrete?

A

lipid rich secretion which prevent tears from evaporating

Neurology (53 decks)

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