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Neurology > Introduction to the CNS, its Neurotransmitters and Blood Brain Barrier > Flashcards

Introduction to the CNS, its Neurotransmitters and Blood Brain Barrier Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord start/end?

A

foramen magnum to L1/L2

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2
Q

What structure do spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through?

A

vertebral foramen

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3
Q

What is the last structure of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris after which you will find the Cauda Equina

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4
Q

What causes the enlargements of the spinal cord and where are they?

A
  • cervical and lumbosacral regions
  • caused by increased amounts of grey matter due to increased axons which innervate upper limbs (cervical) and lower limbs(lumbosacral)
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5
Q

Which nerves travel anterior dorsal horn and which travel posterior dorsal horn?

A 
motor = anterior 
sensory = posterior
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6
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

connects the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord to higher centres within the brain

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves have nuclei within the midbrain?

A

III (oculomotor)

IV (trochlear)

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8
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A
  • holds nuclei of two cranial nerves and Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  • holds neurones responsible for control of reflex movements of eyes, head and neck in response to visual and auditory signals
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9
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei can be found in the Pons?

A
  • Motor nucleus of V (trigeminal)
  • Sensory nucleus V (trigeminal)
  • Nucleus of VI (aducent)
  • Nuclei for VIII (vestibulocochlear)
  • Nuclei needed for respiration
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10
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei can be found in the Medulla oblongata?

A
  • Motor nuclei for XI
  • Motor nuclei for XII
  • Nuclei for respiration (X), control of BP (X & IX) and HR and digestion (X)
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11
Q

How does the cerebellum function?

A
  • receives peripheral info regarding proprioception, muscle tone, head position and visual and auditory info
  • compares and integrates info with info from cortex
  • adjusts any motor plans using info (allowing you to make adjustments will moving)
  • coordinates and predicts movement
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12
Q

What are the three major functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • maintenance muscle tone
  • maintenance of upright posture with respect to position
  • associated with movements to make sure they are properly grouped for the performance of selective responses that require specific adjustments
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13
Q

What neurones are leaving the CNS?

A

Efferent

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the efferent neurones?

A
  • Autonomic
  • Somatic
  • enteric (can work independently but can also be influenced by autonomic and somatic)
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15
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic neurones?

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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16
Q

Which neurones send information back to the CNS?

A

Sensory (afferent)

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17
Q

What do somatic neurones do?

A

innervate skeletal muscle

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18
Q

What are the embryological regions of the forebrain?

A
  • Telencephalon (becomes cerebral hemisphere)

- Diencephalon (stays in adults)

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19
Q

What are the embryological regions of the midbrain?

A
  • Mesencephalon (just called midbrain in adults)
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20
Q

What are the embryological regions of the hindbrain?

A
  • Metencephalon (becomes cerebellum and pons)

- Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata)

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21
Q

What lobes are found either side of the central and lateral sulcus?

A

Central - parietal and frontal

Lateral - Temporal and frontal

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22
Q

What structures are found just anterior and just posterior to the central sulcus?

A
  • precentral and postcentral gyrus
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23
Q

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

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24
Q

What sulcus separates parietal and occipital lobes

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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25
Q

Where are the primary motor areas located?

A

precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

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26
Q

What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • regulates and initiates voluntary motor behaviour

- expressive and motor aspects of language processed on lateral surface (Broca’s speech area)

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27
Q

Where is the prefrontal area?

A
  • frontal pole of frontal lobe
28
Q

What is the prefrontal area responsible for?

A
  • connects to all other lobes via fasciculi and has access to sensory processing and memory
  • monitors behaviours and controls higher processes
  • prefrontal association areas concerned with emotion, motivation, personality and judgement
29
Q

What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • regulating somatosensory functions (contains primary somatosensory area in postcentral gyrus)
  • processing and perception of pain, temperature and proprioception
  • Wernickes area - receptive or sensory aspects of language
  • spatial orientation and perception
30
Q

How are the somatosensory and primary motor areas arranged?

A

somatotopically

31
Q

Occipital lobe functions?

A
  • processes visual info

- visual association areas found around lateral surface of lobe

32
Q

What structure separates occipital and temporal lobes?

A

calcarine sulcus

33
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • processing auditory info
  • superior gyrus area used to interpret what we hear
  • lateral surface is for perception of language
  • anterior medial important in complex parts of learning memory and emotion
34
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernickes aphasia?

A
  • difficulty understanding written or spoken language

- can generate speech but language is meaningless

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • difficulty generating written or spoken language

- little difficulty with language comprehension

36
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
  • hypothalamus
37
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

(sensory switchboard) receives information from spinal cord, vestibulocochlear and optic nerve and sends it to appropriate area of brain
(olfaction does not go through thalamus)

38
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls homeostatic, autonomic and endocrine functions

39
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A
  • pineal body produces melatonin and maintains circadian rhythm
  • habenular nucleus - regulates dopamine and serotonin and has role in addiction and motivation
40
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • interconnected and interacting structures which play significant role in emotional behaviours
  • role in memory and learning
41
Q

What structures make up the limbic system?

A
  • thalamus
  • fornix
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
42
Q

Where in the hippocampus will neurogenesis occur?

A

dentate gyrus

43
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A
  • plays role in formation of new memories

- modulates symptoms of stress and depression

44
Q

What can lesion in hippocampus cause?

A
  • amnesia

- affects ability to store long term memories

45
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A
  • ability to feel strong emotions, emotional memory and learning
  • role in drive related behaviours e.g. emotional learning and behaviour, fear and conditioning and reward
  • recognises and interprets emotional behaviour signals from others
46
Q

Where are the basal nuclei (ganglia) located?

A

under cortical layer within the forebrain, diencephalon and midbrain

47
Q

What are the different basal nuclei?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • sub thalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
    (group of interconnecting nuclei)
48
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

critical role in initiation and control of voluntary movement

49
Q

What are the four types of neurotransmitter?

A
  • Amino Acid
  • Biogenic amines
  • purines
  • neuropeptides
50
Q

What cells synthesise glutamine?

A
  • astrocytes

- converted into glutamate by neurones

51
Q

What are the more common amino acid neurotransmitters (are they excitatory or inhibitory)?

A

Glutamate - excitatory
GABA - inhibitory
Glycine - inhibitory

52
Q

What are the more common biogenic amines (are they excitatory or inhibitory)?

A 
Dopamine (D1 rec) - excitatory 
Dopamine (D2 rec) - inhibitory
Noradrenaline - Excitatory
Adrenaline - Excitatory 
Serotonin - Excitatory/inhibitory 
Histamine - Excitatory
53
Q

What functions is dopamine associated with?

A
  • movement
  • emotion
  • motivation
  • reward
    Used in forebrain
54
Q

What functions is serotonin associated with?

A
  • mood
  • emotion
  • sleep
  • many homeostatic pathways
55
Q

What is the main function of histamine as a neurotransmitter?

A

Wakefullness

56
Q

Give an example of Purine neurotransmitter?

A

ATP - Excitatory/inhibitory

57
Q

What are some of the more common neuropeptides?

A

Substance P - Excitatory
Metenkephalin - Inhibitory
Opioids - Inhibitory
Adrenocorticotropin - Excitatory

58
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the pain pathways?

A

Substance P - excitatory

Opioids/metenkephalins - inhibitory

59
Q

What molecules will most easily get through the blood brain barrier?

A

Smaller and more lipid soluble

60
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

isolates CNS from blood as a form of protection

61
Q

What structures make up the blood brain barrier?

A

Capillary (inside)

  • endothelial cell
  • continuous basement membrane
  • foot processes of astrocytes adhere to basement membrane
62
Q

What is the function of the astrocytes?

A

rid of any pathogens which do make it past the previous layers

63
Q

What adaption is present in the blood brain barrier which isn’t in the peripheral circulation?

A

tight junctions allowing nothing through

64
Q

Where is the blood brain barrier not present allowing substances through?

A
  • 4th ventricle and hypothalamus

- capillaries here contain fenestrations

65
Q

Why are the fenestrations in the blood brain barrier essential?

A
  • neurotransmitters able to monitor the blood plasma

- to send information to hypothalamus

Neurology (53 decks)

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