Michael Verde L3

Question 1

Why are some memories better encoded?

Answer 1

Exposure, Quality of Representation and depth of processing

Question 2

What does exposure do for memories?

Answer 2

It increases the time and frequency you pay attention to them

Question 3

What does the quality of representation do for memories?

Answer 3

Gives distinctiveness and richness to imagery

Question 4

Picture superiority effect studies

Answer 4

• Ghering, Toglia and Kimble (1976) - word vs picture intervals
• Bower and Winzenz (1970) - mental imagery

Question 5

What is the picture superiority effect?

Answer 5

Greater recollection of pictures than words

Question 6

Production effect

Answer 6

Saying words aloud leads to better memory

Question 7

Distinctiveness

Answer 7

Intrinsic properties - unusual/emotional/arousing

Question 8

Distinctiveness

Answer 8

Intrinsic properties - unusual/emotional/arousing

Question 9

Isolation effect

Answer 9

relative distinctiveness

Question 10

Isolated vs non-isolated study

Answer 10

Von Restorff (1933) - memory depends on context

Question 11

Depth of processing study

Answer 11

Craik and Tulving (1975) - structural, phonemic and semantic processing - deep/shallow meaning

Question 12

Self-reference effect

Answer 12

An especially deep type of processing with personal meaning

Question 13

Survival effect

Answer 13

Deep contextual meaning = >memory
Nairne, Thompson and Pandeirada (2007)

Question 14

The retrieval problem

Answer 14

How to retrieve one memory among many

Question 15

Encoding specificity

Answer 15

To get information in memory, you must reinstate the conditions at encoding. Retrieval context = encoding context. Tulving and Thompson (1970_

Question 16

Other phrases for encoding specificity

Answer 16

• Transfer-appropriate processing
• State-dependent learning

Question 17

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 17

Memory is best when using the same processing at encoding and retrieval - Morris, Bransford and Franks (1977)

Question 18

State-dependent learning

Answer 18

Memory is best when environmental or mental context same at encoding and retrieval - smith (1985) - mozart vs jazz

Question 19

Familiarity

Answer 19

feeling of recognition without specific details (fast)

Question 20

recollection

Answer 20

recall of specific episodic details or associations (slow)

Question 21

Divided attention - Jacoby, Woloshyn and Kelley (1989)

Answer 21

Divided attention at encoding had a large effect on recognition memory (Recollection +familiarity) but no effect on fame judgements (familiarity)