Clare Walsh L3

Question 1

The function of reasoning

Answer 1

• Apply knowledge to new situations
• Enable us to think hypothetically
• Enable us to evaluate
• Fundamental to human intelligence and infrastructure

Question 2

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 2

Specific cases to a general rule - pattern -> prediction

Question 3

Abductive reasoning

Answer 3

Generation in explanation

Question 4

Deductive reasoning

Answer 4

When we take rules and draw inferences

Question 5

Syllogistic reasoning

Answer 5

Proposition 1 - Proposition 2 has something in common with Proposition 1 - From this a conclusion can be drawn

Question 6

Propositional reasoning

Answer 6

Reasoning is a semantic process based on mental models

Question 7

Formal rules theory R

Answer 7

Rips (1983) - Recover abstract form from context -> access relevant rules -> derive conclusion

Question 8

Evidence/Criticism of formal rules theory

Answer 8

Difficulty and time to respond - content influences performance

Question 9

Mental models theory JL

Answer 9

Johnson-Laird (1983) - People construct situational models - models are limited by working memory

Question 10

Evidence/criticism of mental models theory?

Answer 10

The more inferences the more difficult the task - content influences performance

Question 11

Evidence/criticism of mental models theory?

Answer 11

The more inferences the more difficult the task - content influences performance

Question 12

Pragmatic reasoning schemas C&H

Answer 12

Cheng and Holyoak, 1985 - If an action is taken then the pre-condition must be satisfied

Question 13

Cheater Detection C

Answer 13

Cosmides (1989) - Evolutionary rule that if one takes a benefit, they must take a loss

Question 14

Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 14

The imagination of alternative realities - expressed in the form of a conditional (if)

Question 15

When do we generate counterfactuals?

Answer 15

Frequently, early childhood, in every culture, Exception for individuals with injury in PFC

Question 16

S&T counterfactuals

Answer 16

Sanna and Turley (1996) - counterfactuals are generated when experiencing negative outcomes and potentially unexpected outcomes

Question 17

When do we generate counterfactuals?

Answer 17

Closeness in time, space or numerics

Question 18

Individual differences in which counterfactuals are generated more:

Answer 18

Low mood

Question 19

Guilt + Shame + disappointment

Answer 19

Wanting to undo actions
Wanting to undo a personal quality
Wanting to undo uncontrollable events

Question 20

Counterfactuals and Blame M

Answer 20

(Macrae, 1992) - people attribute more blame to preceding unusual actions and so alternatives are easier though of

Question 21

Judgements of luck

Answer 21

The chance happening of fortunate or adverse events - luck used to mean narrowly avoiding a certain outcome

Question 22

Learning from mistakes CFs

Answer 22

• Individuals who will have to repeat a task generate more upward counterfactuals
• Counterfactual thinking can influence behaviour - improved performance

Question 23

Functions of CF thinking

Answer 23

Attributions of blame, Judgements of luck, CF emotions, Intentions for future and Decision making

Question 24

CF and brain deficits DLPFC

Answer 24

Could explain inflexible behaviour, uncreativity, planning difficulty