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Cognition and Biological Psychology > Matt Roser L4 > Flashcards

Matt Roser L4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the hemispheres of the brain separated by?

A

The longitudinal/sagittal fissure

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2
Q

How are the hemispheres of the brain connected?

A

by commissures, which are tracts of white matter

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3
Q

What is the biggest commissure?

A

Corpus callosum > 200 million axons (95% myelinated)

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4
Q

Where are subcortical commissures?

A

Between subcortical nuclei

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5
Q

Which cortices connect across the hemispheres?

A

Associative cortices

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6
Q

Homotopic connections

A

Across hemispheres to same region

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7
Q

Heterotopic connections

A

Across hemisphere to different region

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8
Q

Ipsilateral connections

A

To different regions within the same side of the brain

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9
Q

Midline fusion

A

Strict homotopy between primary cortices across the corpus callosum

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10
Q

Anatomical asymmetries of the brain (3)

A

Anterior right hem/posterior left hem overlap midline, Sylvian fissure longer in left and ascends more anteriorly in right, underlying regional size/myelinisation

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11
Q

How do we test each hemisphere of the brain? (3)

A

lateralised visual presentation, dichotic listening, fMRI statistical lateralisation map

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12
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Surgery separating the corpus callosum

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13
Q

Callosotomy

A

Surgery separates some or all of the corpus callosum in order to stop atonic seizures (drop attacks).

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14
Q

Disconnection syndrome

A

A collection of symptoms which appear when the corpus callosum is severed i.e. difficulty paying attention and slower processing of information

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15
Q

How do we assess hemispheric integration in individuals who have had a commissurotomy?

A
  • Subcortical commissures and what info can be transferred
  • partial callosotomy showing specificity of transfer
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16
Q

Partial or staged callosotomy - what part of the corpus callosum is responsible for what information transfer?

A

Anterior - semantic
Central - motor
Posterior - sensory

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17
Q

What has unilateral brain damage shown for language processing?

A

That in 97% RH and 70% LH, language centres are predominantly left-hemispheric

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18
Q

How is language processing presented in patients with split-brain disconnection syndrome?

A

language is predominantly left-hemispheric, and only in the right visual field can stimuli be named. The right hemisphere still has a lexical ability (knows what it is seeing) just not grammatical

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19
Q

Normal brain Non-word decision

A

Stronger in the right visual field and ear -> left hemisphere associated with faster and more accurate responses

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20
Q

Normal brain semantic priming

A

Semantic priming is the provision of stimuli that are semantically related to the next stimuli. Stronger in RVF

21
Q

What is the difference between simple and sophisticated visuospatial processes in split-brain patients?

A

Simple processes (illusory contours) are bilateral, yet more complex processes (amodal completion) draw on the right hemisphere

22
Q

What are the hemispheres best at processing respectively?

A

LH is a sophisticated language processor and RH is a sophisticated visuospatial processor

23
Q

What is the RH superior at processing with respect to higher level percepts?

A

construction, detecting offset, orientation, mirror reversal, and perceiving degraded stimuli

24
Q

Hemispheric prediction

A

The left hemisphere confabulates and looks for patterns

25
Q

The left-hemisphere interpreter

A

The function of the left hemisphere attempting to give a causal explanation for events, behaviors or feelings (chicken and shovel)

26
Q

When is there cooperation between the two hemispheres?

A

When tasks become more difficult there is a bilateral advantage (better when displayed bilaterally)

27
Q

When is there competition between the two hemispheres?

A
  • Motor inhibition via corpus callosum between motor cortices (decoupling)
  • When developing language abilities in the left hemisphere it inhibits the development in the right hemisphere - but LBD early in development often allows for the LH processes to be born in the RH
28
Q

Why has the brain evolved to be divided?

A

The most efficient use of cortical space and allows for faster intrahemispheric processing - necessary for language etc.

29
Q

Are hemispheric differences fluid or dichotomous?

A

Relative and fluid, even for domains most commonly characterised as lateralised - language

30
Q

When can lateralised processes change?

A

With certain stimuli, task requirements and task difficulty

31
Q

Aristotle on the mind and body

A

Soul is the essence of being and the mind is centred on the heart

32
Q

Galen on the mind and body

A

Pneumatic theory of brain - brain was a pump filled with animal spirits which affected behaviour

33
Q

Vesalius on the mind and body

A

predecessor of Descartes - increased knowledge of human anatomy

34
Q

Descartes on the mind and body

A
  • Dangerously promoted the possibility of a science of the mind
  • Mechanistic view of behaviour - animal study/automata/reflex mechanism
35
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Mind and body are separate realms

36
Q

Cogito, ergo sum

A

I think therefore I am - the existence of the soul is indubitable

37
Q

Extensions of Descartes’ mechanistic view (3):

A
  • Conditioning (Pavlov’s dog)
  • Behaviourism (stimulus responses)
  • Cognitive revolution (1960s) mentalistic structures
38
Q

Modern perspective of mind and body

A

monist/materialist - psychological phenomena are to be accounted for as effects of organic changes in the brain and nervous system

39
Q

Modern perspectives of consciousness (6):

A
  • Awakness
  • General alertness
  • Focal attention
  • Reflective (metacognition)
  • Self-awareness
  • Qualia (subjective)
    First 5 = access consciousness - examined by cog.neuroscience
    Last = Phenomenal consciousness
40
Q

Three tractable characteristics of consciousness

A

Operationalised (defined), implementation (in an artificial neural network) and adaptivity (evolutionary)

41
Q

Processing of a stimulus may reach consciousness only if it is integrated into a:

A

large-scale system of cortical activity (a global neuronal workspace)

42
Q

What is consciousness in the brain?

A

A global pattern of activity across the brain

43
Q

Interaction of modular processes allowing information to be maintained and influence other processes is characteristic of:

A

Attentional amplification in the prefrontal cortex

44
Q

When do processes become a part of consciousness?

A

When modular processes integrate with the global workspace network

45
Q

Fractionated consciousness

A

Associated with lesion patients having reduced awareness of their functions

46
Q

Blindsight

A

residual visual function to navigate an area but no residual consciousness

47
Q

Anosognosia for hemiplegia and neglect

A

confabulation to interpret the world in a way consistent with conscious experience

48
Q

Fractioned Consciousness and the global neuronal workspace

A

A patient may lack awareness because there is a disruption to the mechanisms linking local processes to global patterns of activation

Cognition and Biological Psychology (14 decks)

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