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Cognition and Biological Psychology > Matt Roser L1 > Flashcards

Matt Roser L1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the sagittal, coronal, and horizontal planes?

A

s = side to side
c = front to back
h = top to bottom

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2
Q

What is the front part of the brain recognised as?

A

Rostral or Anterior

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3
Q

What is the back part of the brain recognised as?

A

Caudal or posterior

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4
Q

What are the sides of the brain recognised as?

A

medial or lateral

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5
Q

What is the top of the brain recognised as?

A

Dorsal or superior

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6
Q

What is the bottom of the brain recognised as?

A

Ventral or inferior

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7
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A really deep sulcus

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8
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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9
Q

Name the cortexes in the frontal lobe:

A

prefrontal, premotor and primary motor

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10
Q

Name the cortexes in the parietal lobe:

A

Primary somatosensory and somatosensory association

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11
Q

Name the cortexes in the occipital lobe:

A

Visual association and primary visual

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12
Q

Name the cortexes in the temporal lobe:

A

Auditory association and primary auditory (hidden)

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13
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

Hormone release throughout the body, from cells located in various organs (Stomach, intestines, kidneys and brain)

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14
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical signals which cause long-term changes in state e.g. adrenaline and insulin.

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15
Q

What is the endocrine system controlled by?

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain

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16
Q

Causes of brain damage (6):

A

Trauma, Stroke (vascular accidents), Tumors, Degenerative/infectious diseases, Epilepsy/neuropsychiatric disorders and neurosurgery

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17
Q

Name 5 common neuropsychological deficits

A

Agnosia (attaching appropriate meaning to object-sense data), aphasia (language), apraxia (action), amnesia (mnemonic ability) and ataxia (coordination)

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18
Q

What is a selective deficit?

A

A deficit in one function without deficits in others

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19
Q

What should behavioural testing tell us about a patient’s deficits?

A

What function is compromised and what functions are spared.

20
Q

What is a limitation of single dissociation?

A

Performance might be affected by a different factor than the one being tested

21
Q

Why are double dissociations better than single dissociations?

A

Rules out the generic difficulty of tasks etc.

22
Q

What are the limitations of patient studies? (5)

A

Assumption of modularity (plasticity + processes), lesions are extensive and varied (lack of pure deficits/same legions/recuperative history), Lesions don’t tell the whole story, individual differences in functional anatomy, poor temporal resolution and experimental control.

23
Q

What are the benefits of patients studies? (4)

A

Show areas of necessary cognitive functions (double dissociation), show consequences of deficits, cost and time effective

24
Q

How can lesion studies pool results?

A

Using lesion overlay maps

25
Q

What is an MRI’s magnetic field noted as?

A

B0

26
Q

When protons are under B0, what happens to them?

A

They align parallel or antiparallel to the force, with a small majority aligning with B0.

27
Q

What is B0 defined as?

A

Net magnetisation vector

28
Q

Protons spin, what is this otherwise known as?

A

procession or nuclear spin

29
Q

How can the speed/frequency of a proton’s axial spin be calculated?

A

Larmor equation

30
Q

When a proton is under the influence of an MRI machine, what does a pulse do?

A

It disrupts the proton and forces it into a 90 or 180-degree alignment

31
Q

When a radio frequency pulse is turned off, what happens to a proton?

A

The proton realigns with the magnetic field and releases electromagnetic energy which the MRI detects

32
Q

How does an MRI differentiate between different tissues?

A

By measuring how quickly protons release electromagnetic energy after a pulse is turned off

33
Q

What is mapping secondary-order structures?

A

Looking at sulcal/gyral symmetry between both sides of the brain

34
Q

What can MRIs measure over time?

A

grey matter volume and commissural myelination

35
Q

What does BOLD stand for?

A

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

36
Q

Steps of BOLD response (5):

A
  • Neural activity increases
  • Initial dip in haemodynamic response function (HRF)
  • Blood flow overcompensates
  • Blood flow peaks after about 6 seconds
  • returns to baseline
37
Q

What happens to cortical regions that offer increased signal, and why do they offer it?

A

They receive greater blood flow and show stronger signal due to different magnetic properties

38
Q

What are two assumptions of cognitive subtraction experiments?

A

You can insert a component process without disruption and that task difficulty is constant

39
Q

What FMRI uncovered? (3)

A
  • Identified functional areas such as the fusiform face area + anterior cingulate.
  • Corroborated findings from other methods
  • Allowed study of localised function for undamaged brains
40
Q

What are the new directions of FMRI? (2)

A

Functional-connectivity analyses - correlation between activations in different areas
Dynamic causal modelling - which best fits observed data

41
Q

The Brodman-area map is a map of brain regions as defined by their?

A

Cytoarchitecture

42
Q

What is the lateral fissure called?

A

The Sylvian fissure

43
Q

To find activity in the brain specific to the processing of faces we could contrast what?

A

Viewing faces vs viewing pictures of scrambled faces

44
Q

What do blobs of colour in an FMRI paper represent?

A

Areas in which signal change was significantly predicted by the model of the task

45
Q

Evidence of dissociability of two cognitive components is weakened by what? (2)

A

Individual variance in cognitive performance and individual variance in lesion and injury extent

46
Q

One benefit of the lesion method in human participants?

A

Can reveal unexpected insights through observation - patients in everyday life

Cognition and Biological Psychology (14 decks)

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