Michael Verde L2

Question 1

Duration and size of long term memory:

Answer 1

Unlimted and large

Question 2

Two pieces of evidence for a difference between short-term and long-term memory

Answer 2

Serial position curve and dissociations/brain damage

Question 3

Primacy effect

Answer 3

good at remembering first items in a list

Question 4

Recency effect

Answer 4

good at remembering the last items in a list

Question 5

What happens to the recency effect as cues are delayed longer?

Answer 5

it disappears as STM decays

Question 6

Selective STM defecit

Answer 6

Patient KF left parietal lobe damage, a motorcycle accident + some speech + language deficits

Question 7

Patient KF memory tests

Answer 7

Warrington and Shallice, 1969
Impaired STM - digits span
Preserved LTM - paired-associated learning

Question 8

Amnesia patient

Answer 8

Patient NA - fencing foil damaged hippocampus

Question 9

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 9

loss of pre-trauma memories

Question 10

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 10

no new memories post-trauma

Question 11

Patient with epilepsy

Answer 11

HM - damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus - cut away a lot of the brain

Question 12

Normal functions in amnesiacs?

Answer 12

Knowledge of language and communication, sufficient conversational memory and normal STM and digit span

Question 13

amnesia patient 2

Answer 13

motorcycle accident, severe bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe

Question 14

Amnesiacs - recall and recognition

Answer 14

Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970) - worse than controls at recall and recognition

Question 15

Amnesiacs - word pair learning

Answer 15

Cohen and Squire (1980) - various types of amnesiacs show poor ability to recall word pairs

Question 16

How does a person with damaged STM store information in LTM?

Answer 16

• Stored in LTM without passing through STM
• STM deficits show an inability to recall or manipulate rather than to store information

Question 17

Cowan 1999

Answer 17

working memory is just an “activated” area of LTM under the current focus - STM deficit is a problem with the central executive’s ability to focus

Question 18

Tracing shapes amnesiacs

Answer 18

Some forms of LTM are intact in amnesia - procedural memory - fewer errors over time

Question 19

LTM can be split into two sections:

Answer 19

declarative (conscious) and procedural (perceptual-motor)

Question 20

perceptual priming amnesiacs

Answer 20

fewer errors on the second identification test of partial drawings

Question 21

Difference between explicit and implicit memory tests?

Answer 21

Implicit tests do not instruct to consciously use memory

Question 22

Explicit and implicit memory tasks amnesiacs

Answer 22

Amnesiacs worse than controls explicit and same on implicit - Warrington and Weiskrantz 1970

Question 23

Episodic memory

Answer 23

memory for events

Question 24

Episodic memory process

Answer 24

Encoding, storage/consolidation and retrieval

Question 25

Where are new memory representations initially formed?

Answer 25

the hippocampus

Question 26

Pinel 1969

Answer 26

rats learned spatial location and then given electroconvulsive shocks - consolidation of memory

Question 27

Blake et al 2000

Answer 27

epilepsy vs controls - learned stories - 30min -> 8 weeks - epileptics<controls

Question 28

Electroconvulsive therapy (ETC)

Answer 28

used to treat severe depression - can produce LTM and STM problems in humans - similar to amnesia

Question 29

Temporal gradient in retrograde amnesia

Answer 29

Remote memories are intact but memory loss increases closer in time to the trauma

Question 30

Temporal gradient study

Answer 30

Squire, haist and Shimamura (1989) - amnesiacs in 50s asked to recognise past events and celebrities

Question 31

Why are newer memories more fragile?

Answer 31

Since memories consolidate over time