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Cognition and Biological Psychology > Matt Roser L3 > Flashcards

Matt Roser L3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attention?

A

The preferential treatment/selection of a subset of that information

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2
Q

Broadbent’s model (1958)?

A

Selective attention - top-down selection of relevant inputs at an early stage of processing

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3
Q

What study looks at attention in space and its evidence for early selective attenuation?

A

Posner’s cueing paradigm

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4
Q

In Posner’s cueing paradigm, what does it suggest when the valid condition showed quicker RTs?

A

It suggests that stimuli presented were preferentially processed

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5
Q

What is ERP?

A

Event-related potentials - recordings of brain activity that are linked to the occurrence of an event; derived from an EEG

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6
Q

What happens to attention when shown central, symbolic cues? Validity effects?

A

It evokes voluntary shifts in attention - validity effects show up with long SOAs

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7
Q

What is SOA and what does it mean?

A

Stimulus onset asynchronies - the delay between the presentation of the cue and the presentation of the target

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8
Q

What happens to attention when shown peripheral, non-symbolic cues? Validity effects?

A

It evokes reflexive shifts in attention - validity effects show up with short SOAs.

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9
Q

How are targets with single features identified?

A

preattentively

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10
Q

How are targets defined by feature conjunctions identified?

A

serial attention

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11
Q

What is a strategy used to increase the efficiency of serial visual search?

A

Guided visual search - restriction to subsets

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12
Q

Hemispatial neglect (damage + impact)

A

right parietal damage - manifests as neglect of contralesional space (usually left side) - also deficit is present in visual memories (egocentric reference frame).

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13
Q

Attention selects information for preferential processing in a number of ways (3):

A

spatial location, item attributes and objects

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14
Q

what type of process is attention?

A

It is a modulatory process, it influences the processing of distinct brain modules, ramping up activity when processing information is attentionally relevant

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15
Q

What do FMRI studies tell us about attention in the brain?

A

Multiple regions are activated and linked via reciprocal connections through the thalamus

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16
Q

What might attention lead to prior to stimulus input?

A

Synchronisation of neural firing

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17
Q

What is top-down modulation?

A

The ability to focus attention on task-relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant distractions

18
Q

What are the 3 main attentional networks in the brain?

A

Alerting (high state of sensitivity), orienting (source of sensory signal) and executive (goals)

19
Q

What do executive functions do? (2)

A

Give organisation and order to our actions and behaviour, govern a number of domains (cognitive, linguistic and motor)

20
Q

Examples of executive functions (5):

A

representing/maintaining goals, planning for the future, inhibiting/delaying responding, initiating behaviour & shifting between activities flexibly.

21
Q

3 characteristics of PFC neuroanatomy

A

Late phylogenesis (evolutionary system), Late ontogenesis (developmental history) and Highly interconnected with virtually all brain areas

22
Q

What do dorsolateral lesions lead to?

A

frontal executive syndrome

23
Q

What can ventromedial damage lead to?

A

Problems with emotional control

24
Q

Problems associated with frontal executive damage

A

problems in planning, difficulties adapting to new situations and withdrawal from social situations

25
Q

What part of the brain, if damaged, sees dramatic impacts on working memory? What is the impact on rules?

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex - unable to flexibly attend to a change in sorting rules due to impacts to working memory

26
Q

Goal setting and patients with frontal brain damage:

A

Fixation on a less important sub-goal without consideration of other goals, often leading to failure of the overarching goal

27
Q

Working memory impact on goals

A

WM allows information to be selected, maintained and manipulated to support coherent goal-directed behaviour

28
Q

How are interactions between frontally-mediated WM systems and posterior processing areas governed?

A

As task difficulty increases the anterior cingulate gyrus becomes increasingly active

29
Q

What does the anterior cingulate do?

A

It monitors environment, one’s behaviour and the relationship between the two

30
Q

How does the anterior cingulate keep behaviour on track?

A

Environment/behaviour relationships are thought to be encoded as schemata, providing a top-down influence on the schema that is applied to a situation

31
Q

What does the anterior cingulate do when an error has been made?

A

It sends a signal called Error-Related Negativity (ERN)

32
Q

How does the anterior cingulate avoid errors?

A

It works hard when doing tasks, for example, Stroop tasks, and works to inhibit habitual responses

33
Q

What is a neural substrate?

A

A term to indicate a certain part of the nervous system responsible for a certain behaviour, cognitive process or psychological state

34
Q

What is Domasio’s somatic marker hypothesis?

A

Bodily sensations (e.g. emotions) act as a heuristic guide to making decisions

35
Q

Which cortex is involved in emotional processing?

A

The ventromedial cortex

36
Q

Lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex often result in (6):

A
  • Reduced inhibition of effect (Rude/hostile)
  • Deficits in reversal learning
  • Myopia (impulsivity) - respond to momentary hedonic tendencies
  • Impaired reward expectation
  • Impaired long-term planning
  • Impaired at maintaining healthy social/professional life
37
Q

What are hedonistic tendencies?

A

Consumption of goods and services to seek satisfaction and pleasure

38
Q

Posterior to anterior gradient of control who and what are the levels (4):

A

Koechlin & Summerfield 2007
The selection of processing is based on sensory information, contextual information, current episode and finally context of prior episodes or events (Branching -> episodic -> contextual -> sensory)

39
Q

Posterior to anterior gradient of control by abstraction - who and explain?

A

Badre 2008
Posterior regions of the prefrontal cortex implement control on the basis of more concrete dimensions which become more abstract as one moves in the anterior direction (context -> dimension -> feature ->response conflict)

40
Q

What is the positioning of the subregion on the PFC that deals with inhibition?

A

Ventral

41
Q

What is the positioning of the subregion on the PFC that deals with maintenance and manipulation

A

Lateral

42
Q

Attention to a particular class of objects may manifest in an fMRI study as:

A

Increased or decreased activity in separate ventro-temporal brain areas when contrasting object class conditions

Cognition and Biological Psychology (14 decks)

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