MEMORY- Multi store model Flashcards
Define memory
The process of retaining learned information and accessing this information when it is needed
Define encoding
The form in which information can be stored (eg.vision/sound)
Define storage
Keeping information within the memory system until it is needed
Define retrieval
RECOVERING INFORMATION STORED IN THE MEMORY SYSTEM WHEN IT IS REQUIRED
Environmental stimuli ->
Sensory register
Attention —>
Short term memory
What happens due to elaborative rehearsal?
Information is transferred from the short term memory to the long term memory
What is maintenance rehearsal?
The process of verbally or mentally repeating information, which allows the duration of short-term memory to be extended beyond 30 seconds
Define capacity
The amount of information that can be held in memory before new incoming information displaces it
Define duration
The amount of time/information that can be held in a memory store before it is lost due to decay
What is the sensory register?
-An automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the senses
-1st storage system in the MSM
Will information reach the STM and LTM if it does not flow through the sensory register first?
No
How is information stored in the SR?
-Unprocessed form
-Separate sensory stores for different inputs
How is information encoded in the SR?
Iconic- visual information
Echoic- auditory information
Gustatory- taste information
Olfactory- smell information
Haptic- touch information
How long is the duration of SR?
0.5 of a second (very brief)
What is the capacity of the SR?
-Very large
-Highly detailed information is processed + changes format over time
How does information from the sensory register get to the STM?
-Paying attention
What is the duration of the STM?
-Up to 30 seconds
Who tested duration of STM?
-Peterson and Peterson trigrams
What is the capacity of the STM?
-5-9 items
-Millers 7+_2
How is information encoded into te STM?
-Visual
-Acoustic
How did Peterson and Peterson test duration of STM?
-Consonant trigrams
-After 3 seconds recall was accurate 80% of the time
-After 18 seconds it was only accurate 10% of the time
-Information in the STM lasts less than 30 second before it decays
Who researched capacity of STM?
-Jacobs
How did Jacobs test capacity of STM?
-Digit span test
-Gave participants a sequence of digits which increased by one digit every time and asked them to repeat it in the correct order
Who investigated encoding in LTM?
Baddeley
How did Baddeley investigate encoding of STM?
-Gave participants 4 word lists to recall
List A- words that sounded similar
List B- Words that sounded dissimilar
List C-Words that had similar meanings
List D-Words with dissimilar meanings
What were the findings of Baddeley’s research? (for STM)
-STM is encoded acoustically (based on sound) rather than semantically (based on meaning)
-Participants recalled A less accurately than B but there was no difference between C and D
Wat is the capacity of LTM?
Unlimited
What is the duration of LTM?
Potentially forever
Who studied duration of LTM and how?
-Bahrick
-Tested the recall of participants from year book photos 15 years after graduation (about 90%) accurate
-After 48 years it was about 70%
-Recall was lower when they just had to recall names
Howe is information encoded into the LTM?
-Semantically
Who carried out research into encoding of the LTM?
-Baddeley
ow was research carried out into encoding of the LTM?
-Tested participant’s recall after a 20 minute delay to ensure information had passed into the LTM
-Participants recall was worse for list C than D but there was no difference between A and B
Define Semantically
Add meaning and depth to information to get it into your LTM
Who created the MSM and when?
Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
Is the model linear?
Yes
Give a strength of the multistore memory model (memorys encoded semantically)
It makes sense that memories in the LTM are encoded semantically. I.e. you might recall the general message put across in a political speech, rather than all of the words as they were heard. However, It does not make much sense to think of procedural memory (a type of LTM) as being encoded semantically, i.e. knowing how to ride a bike through its meaning.
Give another strength
There is a large base of research that supports the idea of distinct STM and LTM systems (e.g. brain-damaged case study patient KF’s STM was impaired following a motorcycle accident, but his LTM remained intact). HM also had his hippocampus removed from both sides of his brain and he could not form new long-term memories but he could remember things from before which provides evidence for the separate stores in the WMM
Give a weakness of the MSM
Some research into STM duration has low ecological validity, as the stimuli participants were asked to remember bear little resemblance to items learned in real life, e.g. Peterson and Peterson (1959) used nonsense trigrams such as ‘XQF’ to investigate STM duration.
Give another weakness of the MSM
The model is arguably over-simplified, as evidence suggests that there are multiple short and long-term memory stores, e.g. ‘LTM’ can be split into Episodic, Procedural and Semantic memory Suggests that STM and LTM are tunitary stores.
Who investigated capacity of the SR?
Sperling- letter grid
