Mediastinum/Pericardium Flashcards
procedure to view or biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes
mediastinoscopy
trauma from hemorrhage of great vessels, hypertrophy of heart (congestive heart failure), or malignant lymphoma in lymph node can cause?
widening of mediastinum
how would you expose the superior and inferior vena cavas?
open the pericardial sac
what is the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?
ability to stop or divert blood flow of aorta or pulmonary trunk during surgery due to its location
inflammation of pericardium, rough serous pericardium, chronic inflammation can calcify
pericarditis
passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries into pericardial cavity, compressing heart
pericardial effusion
right cardiac hypertension, venous blood return exceeds cardiac output
non-inflammatory pericardial effusion
pericardial effusion causes compression of heart, which leads to decrease in cardiac output
cardiac tamponade
blood in pericardial cavity from weakened heart muscles (myocardial infarction), bleeding from surgery, or stab wounds; veins of face & neck become engorged (high pressure)
hemopericardium
drainage of fluid in pericardial cavity; typical treatment of cardiac tamponade
pericardiocentesis
where do you stick a needle for pericardiocentesis?
in left 5th/6th ICS near sternum
position of heart is completely reversed so apex is pointing towards right side
dextrocardia
dysphagia (difficulting swallowing) might be indicative of?
retroesophageal right subclavian artery (most left sided branch of aorta & crosses posterior to esophagus & can compress it)
accessory artery to thyroid gland that may arise from brachiocephalic artery
thyroid irna artery
aortic arch that curves over right root of lung?
right arch of aorta
vascular ring around esophagus and trachea; can compress these structures
double arch of aorta
chest pain that radiates to the back is indicative of?
aneurysm of ascending aorta because it isn’t reinforced by fibrous pericardium; evident on chest film/angiogram
aneurysm of ascending aorta, enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes, or bronchogenic/esophageal carcinoma may cause what common injury?
compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve because it winds around arch of aorta and ascends between trachea & esophagus
chylothorax; lymph escaping into thoracic cavity
laceration of thoracic duct
how would blood get back to the heart if the superior vena cava is obstructed?
azygos vein will drain into abdominal wall veins and then into inferior vena cava into right atrium
if the azygous system receives all blood via inferior vena cava (except of that from liver) this is indicative of?
IVC obstruction
visualization of aorta with radioplaque contrast material
aortic angiography
