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Question 1

small gap in muscles near inferior angle of scapula

Answer 1

triangle of auscultation: latissimus dorsi, trapezius, & scapula; used to listen to chest noises

Question 2

ipsilateral weakness when shoulders are elevated against resistance

Answer 2

accessory nerve palsy (damage to accessory nerve)

Question 3

inability to raise the upper limb & depress scapula

Answer 3

nerve damage to thoracodorsal nerve & latissimus dorsi paralysis

Question 4

what causes the scapula to be further from midline than normal?

Answer 4

damage to the dorsal scapular nerve & rhomboid paralysis

Question 5

loss of horizontal supporting trabeculae & thickening of vertical struts; common in postmenopausal females

Answer 5

vertebral body osteoporosis

Question 6

surgical excision of one or more vertebral laminae and spinous processes

Answer 6

laminectomy

Question 7

vertebra with horizontal facets that makes it easier to dislocate; large vertebral canal so slight dislocations do not damage spinal cord

Answer 7

cervical vertebrae

Question 8

fracture of anterior or posterior arches of atlas from vertical force

Answer 8

jefferson or burst fracture; spinal cord damage if transverse ligament is torn

Question 9

most common injury of cervical vertebra

Answer 9

fracture of the vertebral arch of axis

Question 10

traumatic sponylolysis of C2 in pars interarticularis by hyperextension of head ON the neck

Answer 10

hangman’s fracture

Question 11

hyperextension of head AND the neck

Answer 11

whiplash; if C2 is displaced anteriorly with respect to C3, death or quadriplegia can occur

Question 12

fracture of dens caused by?

Answer 12

horizontal blow to head or complication of osteopenia

Question 13

narrowing of vertebral foramen

Answer 13

lumbar spinal stenosis —> compression of spinal nerve roots; fixed with electromyography and laminectomies

Question 14

nerve size increases & vertebral foramen size decreases in what section of spinal cord?

Answer 14

lumbar —> easy site for nerve compression especially in lumbar spinal stenosis

Question 15

costal element on C7 (enlargement of transverse process)

Answer 15

cervical rib (1-2% of people & 60% of those people have it bilaterally)

Question 16

pressure on structures that emerge from superior thoracic aperature is caused by?

Answer 16

supernumerary rib

Question 17

what covers the sacral hiatus?

Answer 17

sacrococcygeal ligament, which is pierced by filum terminale

Question 18

local anesthetic injected into superior fat of sacrococcygeal ligament (S4 spinous process)

Answer 18

caudal epidural anesthesia (S2-Co1 nerves affected)

Question 19

what anesthesia technique is used during child birth?

Answer 19

transsacral epidural anesthesia –> injected through posterior sacral foramina into sacral canal

Question 20

fall to the lower back can cause?

Answer 20

fracture of coccyx or fracture/dislocation of sacrococcygeal joint —-> coccygodenia (difficult pain due to coccyx injuries)

Question 21

L5 partially or fully fused to sacrum

Answer 21

hemisacralization/sacralization (5% of people)

Question 22

S1 fused with L5 instead of sacrum

Answer 22

lumbarization

Question 23

articular surface of vertebra bow inward causing anterior/inferior surfaces of vertebral to become concave; IV disks become convex

Answer 23

aging of vertebrae

Question 24

bony spurs that occur on vertebral bodies and facet joints

Answer 24

osteophytes

Question 25

disease of bony growth due to age of vertebral bodies —> degenerative osteoarthritis

Answer 25

spondylosis

Question 26

neural arches of L5 and/or S1 fail to fuse posterior to vertebral canal; tuft of hair & no back problems

Answer 26

spina bifida occulta

Question 27

vertebral arches don’t develop correctly

Answer 27

spina bifida cystica

Question 28

herniation of meninges associated with a meningeal cyst

Answer 28

meningocele

Question 29

herniation of meninges affecting the meninges and spinal cord

Answer 29

menigomyolcele; can cause limb paralysis & problems with bowl/bladder control; results from neural tube defects