Back Flashcards
small gap in muscles near inferior angle of scapula
triangle of auscultation: latissimus dorsi, trapezius, & scapula; used to listen to chest noises
ipsilateral weakness when shoulders are elevated against resistance
accessory nerve palsy (damage to accessory nerve)
inability to raise the upper limb & depress scapula
nerve damage to thoracodorsal nerve & latissimus dorsi paralysis
what causes the scapula to be further from midline than normal?
damage to the dorsal scapular nerve & rhomboid paralysis
loss of horizontal supporting trabeculae & thickening of vertical struts; common in postmenopausal females
vertebral body osteoporosis
surgical excision of one or more vertebral laminae and spinous processes
laminectomy
vertebra with horizontal facets that makes it easier to dislocate; large vertebral canal so slight dislocations do not damage spinal cord
cervical vertebrae
fracture of anterior or posterior arches of atlas from vertical force
jefferson or burst fracture; spinal cord damage if transverse ligament is torn
most common injury of cervical vertebra
fracture of the vertebral arch of axis
traumatic sponylolysis of C2 in pars interarticularis by hyperextension of head ON the neck
hangman’s fracture
hyperextension of head AND the neck
whiplash; if C2 is displaced anteriorly with respect to C3, death or quadriplegia can occur
fracture of dens caused by?
horizontal blow to head or complication of osteopenia
narrowing of vertebral foramen
lumbar spinal stenosis —> compression of spinal nerve roots; fixed with electromyography and laminectomies
nerve size increases & vertebral foramen size decreases in what section of spinal cord?
lumbar —> easy site for nerve compression especially in lumbar spinal stenosis
costal element on C7 (enlargement of transverse process)
cervical rib (1-2% of people & 60% of those people have it bilaterally)
pressure on structures that emerge from superior thoracic aperature is caused by?
supernumerary rib
what covers the sacral hiatus?
sacrococcygeal ligament, which is pierced by filum terminale
local anesthetic injected into superior fat of sacrococcygeal ligament (S4 spinous process)
caudal epidural anesthesia (S2-Co1 nerves affected)
what anesthesia technique is used during child birth?
transsacral epidural anesthesia –> injected through posterior sacral foramina into sacral canal
fall to the lower back can cause?
fracture of coccyx or fracture/dislocation of sacrococcygeal joint —-> coccygodenia (difficult pain due to coccyx injuries)
L5 partially or fully fused to sacrum
hemisacralization/sacralization (5% of people)
S1 fused with L5 instead of sacrum
lumbarization
articular surface of vertebra bow inward causing anterior/inferior surfaces of vertebral to become concave; IV disks become convex
aging of vertebrae
bony spurs that occur on vertebral bodies and facet joints
osteophytes
disease of bony growth due to age of vertebral bodies —> degenerative osteoarthritis
spondylosis
neural arches of L5 and/or S1 fail to fuse posterior to vertebral canal; tuft of hair & no back problems
spina bifida occulta
vertebral arches don’t develop correctly
spina bifida cystica
herniation of meninges associated with a meningeal cyst
meningocele
herniation of meninges affecting the meninges and spinal cord
menigomyolcele; can cause limb paralysis & problems with bowl/bladder control; results from neural tube defects
