Lungs & Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

presence of air in pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax due to injuries to superior thoracic aperature (cervical pleura & apex)

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2
Q

collapse of a previously inflated lung

A

secondary atelectasis

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3
Q

failure of a lung to inflate at birth

A

primary atelectasis

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4
Q

how do you prevent secondary atelectasis during open chest surgery?

A

intubation and positive pressure pump (keeps lungs inflated during surgery)

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5
Q

effusion of fluid into pleural cavity

A

hydrothorax

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6
Q

blood enters pleural cavity due to chest wound hitting intercostal or internal thoracic arteries

A

hemothorax

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7
Q

insertion of needle into pleural cavity to attain sample; superior to rib

A

thoracentesis (9th intercostal space to avoid inferior border of lung & angle needle superiorly to avoid recess)

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8
Q

where would you insert a chest tube?

A

5th or 6th intercostal space in midaxillary line; angle superiorly to drain air or inferiorly to drain fluid

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9
Q

surgical excision of part of pleura

A

pleurectomy

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10
Q

induced adherence of parietal and visceral pleura to prevent secondary atelectasis from pneumothorax

A

pleurodesis

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11
Q

examination of pleural cavity

A

thoracoscopy

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12
Q

inflammation of pleura

A

pleuritis (detectable with stethoscope)

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13
Q

accessory lobe in right lung superior to hilum & separated with arch of azygos vein

A

azygos lobe

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14
Q

sites for auscultation of lungs and percussion of thorax

A

root of neck (apices of lungs) & inferioposterior part of inferior lobe (posterior thoracic wall at T10 level)

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15
Q

typical site for aspirated foreign bodies

A

right main bronchus

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16
Q

distortion of carina visualized in a bronchoscopy is indicative of?

A

enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes from bronchogenic carcinoma

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17
Q

surgical removal of lung

A

pneumonectomy

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18
Q

surgical removal of lobe

A

lobectomy

19
Q

surgical removal of segment

A

segmentectomy

20
Q

air absorbed into blood due to a blocked brochial segment, resulting in segmental collapse; adjacent segments will expand to accommodate reduced volume

A

segmental atelectesis

21
Q

obstruction of pulmonary artery by embolus resulting in no lung perfusion

A

pulmonary embolism

22
Q

major decrease in blood oxygen saturation —-> contralateral lung will dilate

A

acute respiratory distress

23
Q

ischemia of visceral pleura causes?

A

pleuritis & attachment to parietal pleura —> referred pain in cutaneous intercostals

24
Q

carbon particle presence in axillary node is indicative of?

A

lymphatic vessels in lung and visceral pleura anastomosing with parietal lymph vessels

25
Q

bronchitis, lung cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, & tuberculosis can cause?

A

hemoptysis —> spitting of blood from lungs from bronchial/pulmonary hemorrhage from bronchial arteries

26
Q

cancer that arises from a bronchus; usually from cigarette smoke; causes hemoptysis; common hematogenous metastastis are brain, bones, lung, adrenal glands

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

27
Q

lymph nodes that first receive lymph from a cancerous

A

sentinel nodes

28
Q

hemidiaphragm & vocal cord paralysis (recurrent laryngeal) is indicative of?

A

apical lung cancer involving mediastinal nerves such as phrenic and vagus nerves

29
Q

where is mediastinal/central diaphragmatic pain referred to?

A

C3-5 dermatome (root of neck & shoulder)

30
Q

where is costal/peripheral pain referred to?

A

dermatomes in abdominal/thoracic walls

31
Q

if a chest x-ray shows that the inferior margin of the lung does not descend into the recess, what is wrong with patient?

A

pleural effusion

32
Q

birth defect resulting in failed recanalization of larynx, causing congenital high airway obstruction syndrome —> distal dilation of airway, lungs fill with fluid, diaphragm flattens, & accumulation of serous fluid (intracellular edema)

A

laryngeal atresia

33
Q

what is incomplete laryngeal atresia called & how do you treat it?

A

laryngeal web; endoscopic dilation of web

34
Q

symptoms: infant can’t swallow, drools excessively, instantly regurgitates, pneumonitis, & polyhydramnios in utero

A

tracheoespophageal fistula —-> incomplete division of cranial part of foregut into esophagus & trachea

35
Q

failure of larynx & upper trachea to separate from esophagus; symptoms similar to fistula

A

laryngotracheoesophageal cleft

36
Q

recurrent infection and respiratory distress are typical of?

A

tracheal diverticulum —> bronchus like projection from trachea that can terminate in lung tissue which forms a tracheal lobe of lung

37
Q

insufficient amount of amniotic fluid which causes lung development to slow & pulmonary hypoplasia due to restriction of thorax

A

oligohydramnios

38
Q

how are the lungs of a stillborn different from a normal neonate?

A

a stillborn’s lungs have fluid and will sink in water while a normal neonate’s lungs have air and will float in water

39
Q

labored breathing shortly after birth; common in premies due to a deficiency of surfactant

A

respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease; treat with corticosteroids to induce surfactant production

40
Q

linear marking on radiograph that suggests the azygos vein lies on the bottom of the horizontal fissure in the superior lobe of the right lung & is indicative of?

A

azygos lobe of lung due to apical bronchus growing superior & medial (instead of lateral) to azygos vein

41
Q

honeycomb appearance on radiograph usually in periphery of lungs; formed by dilation of terminal bronchi

A

congenital lung cysts

42
Q

failure of respiratory bud to develop; mostly unilaterally; shifting of heart & mediastinal structures; hyperexpansion of lungs

A

agenesis of lung (think table six’s uni-lung?)

43
Q

reduced lung volume & hypertrophy of smooth muscle in pulmonary arteries —> pulmonary hypertension leads to ischemia of lungs

A

lung hypoplasia in utero; typically results in death

44
Q

pulmonary sequestration usually at base of left lung; nonfunctional and no communication with tracheobronchial tree but has systemic blood supply

A

accessory lung