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Anatomy Exam 1 Blue Boxes > HEART > Flashcards

HEART Flashcards

1
Q

what’s a good way to view congenital heart defects and heart circulation?

A

cardiac catheterization

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2
Q

what’s the embryological derivative of the right auricle?

A

premordial atrium

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3
Q

incomplete closure of fossa ovalum?

A

atrial septal defect —-> hypertrophy of right atrium, ventricle, & vascular system

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4
Q

occlusion of artery supplying the brain by a thrombi

A

stroke/cerebrovascular accident

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5
Q

where do coronary arteries come off of aorta?

A

left & right cusps

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6
Q

failure of valve to fully open which slows blood flow from chamber

A

stenosis

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7
Q

failure of valve to close completely (nodule formation on cusps)

A

insufficiency/regurgitation

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8
Q

turbulence/eddies from stenosis and regurgitation

A

murmurs

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9
Q

superficial vibrations on skin over area of turbulence

A

thrills

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10
Q

surgical replacement of valves

A

valvuloplasty

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11
Q

method that uses ultrasonic waves to determine position and motion of heart

A

echocardiography

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12
Q

visualization of coronary artery

A

coronary angiograms; through ascending aorta

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13
Q

blood regurgitates into left atrium when left ventricle contracts

A

prolapsed mitral valve

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14
Q

conus arteriosus underdeveloped & right ventricle hypertrophy

A

infundibular pulmonary stenosis

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15
Q

back up of blood under high pressure during diastole because of thickened cusps —> murmur

A

pulmonary valve incompetence

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16
Q

result of degenerative calcification; left ventricle hypertrophy

A

aortic valve stenosis

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17
Q

aortic regurgitation into left ventricle, producing heart murmurs & collapsing pulse

A

aortic valve insufficiency

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18
Q

pain originating in heart due to lactic acid build up from anaerobic metabolism from oxygen insufficiency; result of ischemia of myocardium but NO MI occurs

A

angina pectoris

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19
Q

sudden occlusion of major artery due to embolism and leads to necrosis; common cause is atherosclerosis

A

myocardial infarction

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20
Q

lipid accumulation on interior walls of coronary arteries

A

coronary atherosclerosis

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21
Q

slow occlusion that allows for large collateral circulation

A

slowly progressive coronary artery disease

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22
Q

segment of artery or vein is attached to ascending aorta or proximal coronary artery distal to stenosis

A

coronary bypass graft

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23
Q

catheter with small balloon used to inflate artery & flatten atherosclerotic plaque

A

precutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

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24
Q

what is injected through catheter to dissolve blood clot?

A

thrombokinase

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25
Q

the smallest cardiac vein is important for?

A

reversal of blood flow to bring luminal blood (blood in chamber of heart) into myocardium to provide collateral circulation

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26
Q

amplification and recording of the passage of impulses over the heart through the SA nodes

A

electrocardiography

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27
Q

what coronary artery supplies the AV bundle?

A

LAD

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28
Q

what coronary artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

right coronary artery

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29
Q

condition where the impulse does not reach ventricles; ventricles contract slower than normal & atria continue to contract at normal rate

A

heart block

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30
Q

where is an artificial pacemaker attached to in the heart?

A

trabeculae carnae in ventricular wall in contact with endocardium

31
Q

multiple, rapid, circuitous contractions or twitching of musclular fibers

A

fibrillations

32
Q

rapid, irregular, uncoordinated twitchings of atrial walls

A

atrial fibrillation

33
Q

rapid, irregular twitchings that don’t pump blood

A

ventricular fibrillation

34
Q

electric shock given to heart to stop cardiac movements & the heart begins to beat normally afterwards

A

defibrillation

35
Q

persistence of left anterior cardinal vein that opens into right atrium via coronary sinus; may anastomose with left brachiocephalic vein

A

double superior vena cava

36
Q

blood from right carried by right brachiocephalic vein into a left superior vena cava

A

left SVC:
left anterior cardinal vein & common cardinal vein can form left superior vena cava and right anterior cardinal vein deteriorate

37
Q

blood from inferior body flows into right atrium through azygos vein & hemiazygos vein; hepatic veins open separately into right atrium

A

absence of hepatic segment of IVC

38
Q

failure of anastomosis to form between veins of trunk; inferior left supracardinal vein persists as a 2nd IVC

A

double IVC

39
Q

none or some pulmonary veins don’t connect with left atrium; instead connect to right atrium or systemic veins

A

total/ partial anamalous pulmonary venous connection

40
Q

conducting tissue abnormality; potential ANS or brain stem abnormality

A

sudden infant death syndrome

41
Q

dextrocardia with transposition of viscera; normal heart function

A

dextrocardia with situs inversus

42
Q

heart is partly or completely exposed through sternum with an open pericardial sac; death soon after birth

A

ectopia cordis

43
Q

abnormal resorption of septum primium during development of septum secundum; blood is shunted through fossa ovali into left atrium; cyanosis

A

patent oval foramen

44
Q

defects of septum primium and secundum that results in pulmonary hypertension

A

ostium secundum defect

45
Q

septum primium does not fuse with endocardial cushions

A

patent foramen primum-ostium primium defect

46
Q

incomplete absorption of right sinus venosus into right atrium and/or abnormal development of septum secundum

A

sinus venosus atrial septal defects

47
Q

interatrial septum absent

A

common atrium

48
Q

incomplete closure of IV foramen from failure of membranous part of IV septum to develop or failure of subendocardial tissue to grow from right side of endocardial cushion & fuse with aorticopulmonary septum

A

membranous ventricular septal defect

49
Q

excessive cavitation of IV foramen/myocardial tissue

A

swiss cheese VSD

50
Q

failure of IV septum to form and both atria empty into single ventricle; usually occurs with transposition of great arteries

A

single ventricle or common ventricle

51
Q

failure of truncal ridges and aorticopulmonary septum to develop and divide truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunk; ventricular septal defect always present

A

persistant truncus arteriosus

52
Q

opening between aorta and pulmonary trunk near aortic valve

A

aortic window

53
Q

aorta arises from right ventricle & pulmonary trunk arises from left ventricle; commonly causes cyanotic heart disease

A

transposition of great arteries

54
Q

unequal partitioning of truncus arteriosus superior to valves, aorticopulmonary septum is not aligned with IV septum & VSD results

A

unequal division of truncus arteriosus

55
Q

cusps of pulmonary valves are fused to form a dome with narrow opening; hypertrophy of right ventricle

A

pulmonary valve stenosis

56
Q

conis arteriosus of right ventricle is underdeveloped; hypertrophy of right ventricle

A

infundibular stenosis

57
Q

pulmonary trunk stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricle hypertrophy; cyanosis; sometimes pulmonary atresia with VSD

A

tetralogy of fallot

58
Q

division of truncus arteriosis is so unequal that pulmonary trunk has no lumen; if VSD is also present, entire output is through aorta & pulmonary blood flow is dependent on ductus arteriosus

A

pulmonary atresia

59
Q

obstruction of aorta; valve is complete

A

aortic atresia

60
Q

left ventricle is small and nonfunctional; right ventricle maintains systemic and pulmonary circulation; atresia of aortic or mitral orifice; hypoplasia of ascending aorta

A

hypoplasia left heart syndrome

61
Q

constriction of aorta at entrance of ductus arteriosus

A

juxtaductal coarctation

62
Q

constriction of aorta after ductus arteriosus that permits development of collateral circulation

A

postductal coarctation

63
Q

constriction of aorta before ductus arteriosus

A

preductal coarctation

64
Q

symptoms of coarctations

A

high blood pressure in upper limbs; low blood pressure in lower limbs; blood back up to left subclavian & internal thoracic artery for collateral circulation

65
Q

failure of distal part of right ductus arteriosus to disappear; compression of esophagus and trachea **right arch is larger and passes posterior to esophagus and trachea

A

double aortic arch

66
Q

right ductus arteriosus persists and distal left ductus arteriosus disappears, forming a right arch

A

right arch of aorta

67
Q

ductus arteriosus passes from right pulmonary artery to right arch of aorta, no vascular ring

A

right arch of aorta without retroesophageal ring

68
Q

ductus arteriosus attaches to distal right arch to form a ring; right arch posterior to esophagus & can constrict

A

right arch of aorta with retroesophageal ring

69
Q

right subclavian arises from distal arch and passes posterior to esophagus and trachea

A

anomalous right subclavian artery

70
Q

right 4th pharyngeal arch & right dorsal aorta disappear; right subclavian artery forms from right 7th intersegmental artery; forms vascular ring with left subclavian artery

A

retroesophageal right subclavian artery

71
Q

failure of ductus arteriosus to involute; aortic blood is shunted into pulmonary trunk; failure of muscular wall contraction **maternal rubella infection & respiratory distress syndrome

A

patent ductus arteriosus

72
Q

diffuse swelling of body part from dilation of premordial lymphatic channels or hypoplasia of vessels

A

congenital lymphedema

73
Q

large swellings in inferolateral neck from abnormal transformation of jugular lymph sacs

A

cystic hygroma

Anatomy Exam 1 Blue Boxes (17 decks)

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