MEDIA - Who is using the New Media? Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 subtopics that users of the New Media are broken down into?

A
  • Class
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Location / Countries
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2
Q

(CLASS) An Ofcom survey in 2015 found what percentage of the top socio-economic group (AB socio-economic group; middle-class professionals) use a range of New Media devices?

A

95%

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3
Q

(CLASS) The 2015 Ofcom survey found what percentage of people in the lowest socio-economic group (DE socio-economic group; working-class, manufacturing or unemployed people) use a range of New Media devices?

A

75%

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4
Q

(CLASS) What does Helsper claim about the lower classes in comparison to the upper classes, in terms of the rate of using the internet?

A

They claim that the lower class has increased its use of the internet at a SLOWER rate than other social groups!

This could be due to the fact that poorer classes are excluded from new media usage, because they cannot afford to keep up with the middle-class use of technology!

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5
Q

(CLASS) Explain what Helsper meant by a ‘Digital Underclass’.

A

Helpser identified a ‘Digital Underclass; was forming in Britain; those who have lower education levels and no employment lag far behind other groups in their use and access to the internet!

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6
Q

(CLASS) What did Helsper say that disadvantaged groups lacked, once they finally gained access to the New Media?

A

She also found that, once disadvantaged groups secured access to the internet, there were still at a disadvantage, as they lacked CONFIDENCE to engage with the online opportunities given to them!

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7
Q

(CLASS) What did Jones identify in terms of patterns in internet access? HINT: Inequalities, polarisation and North-South Divide!

A

They stated that patterns in internet access reflect and amplify existing inequalities and stratification with society; this is evident by the North-South divide and the polarisation between the working-class in the North and the upper and middle classes in the South!

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8
Q

(CLASS) How can you link the use of the New Media, in terms of Class, to Marxism? HINT: The ISA and the media being homogeneous!

A

The media reproduces INEQUALITY and EXPLOITATION and preaches the upper class’ ideology (hegemony), by using the media and the internet as an ISA, as states by Althusser –> FALSE-CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS!

The bourgeoisie make the proletariat believe they have a lot of choice when it comes to using the media and the internet, but perhaps they actually do not, due to the media being HOMOGENEOUS.

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9
Q

(AGE) What percentage of the older generation (65+) use the New Media?

A

39% (around 40%)

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10
Q

(AGE) What percentage of the younger generation (18-24) used the New Media?

A

94%

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11
Q

(AGE) What does Boyle states in regards to the New Media and Young People? HINT: Association!

A

They say that Young People often ASSOCIATE with the New Media more, which can lead to Cultural Convergence (whereby the New Media changes the way that we behave)!

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12
Q

(AGE) What does Ofcom state regarding where Young People (16-24) are likely to get their news from?

A

Ofcom found that Young People (16-24) are more likely to get their news from the internet, in comparison to Old People!

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13
Q

(AGE) How can you link the use of the New Media, in terms of Age, to the Postmodernist Theory? HINT: Fragmentation and stratification!

A

Postmodernists would argue that, in contemporary society, there is FRAGMENTATION; this can lead to SOCIAL STRATIFICATION regarding age!

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14
Q

(AGE) As Young People are more likely to consume New Media, what is likely to happen to them as a result of this? HINT: ‘Consumer-identities’ and media saturation!

A

Young People are more likely to consume New Media, develop ‘consumer identities’, and they may (therefore) become media saturated. This can affect their views of society and their behaviour, which may lead to hyper-realism and simulacra (illusions of reality)!

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15
Q

(GENDER) Explain what Li and Kirkup found in their study of Gender Differences. HINT: Gender-based cultures emerging between Chinese and British students!

A

They studied gender differences in the use of (and attitudes towards) the internet amongst Chinese and British students! They suggested that there are 2 global gender-based cultures emerging online!

They found that, although more women are going online and the gender gap in the internet is narrowing slightly, actual behaviour online is still gendered in New Media technology.

They found gender differences in internet experience, attitudes, usage and self-confidence!

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16
Q

(GENDER) In terms of Li and Kirkup’s study, can you identify some of the differences between Men (in both China and Britain) in comparison to Women? HINT: There are 4 bullet points here; think about the different experiences, attitudes, usage and self-confidence between these two sexes!

A
  • Men are MORE LIKELY to have POSITIVE ATTITUDES towards the internet; they SPEND MORE TIME ON IT and use it more EXTENSIVELY
  • Men are more SELF-CONFIDENT about their COMPUTER SKILLS than women, and they were MORE LIKELY to EXPRESS THE OPINION that using COMPUTERS was a ‘MALE ACTIVITY’
  • Men are MORE LIKELY to use EMAIL and CHAT ROOMS, and PLAY COMPUTER GAMES and USE the XBOX
  • Men are LESS LIKELY to USE the INTERNET for STUDYING
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17
Q

(GENDER) TRUE OR FALSE: The emergence of New Media and the increased era of Digitalisation had led to LESS choice and interactivity online!

A

FALSE = The emergence of New Media and the increased era of Digitalisation had led to MORE choice and interactivity online –> This is due to the increased number of channels and online applications that people have available to them!

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18
Q

(GENDER) TRUE OR FALSE: Due to Technological Convergence, people are all being fed ONE TYPE of MEDIA; media has become HOMOGENEOUS!

A

TRUE!

19
Q

(GENDER) New Media has led to Cultural Convergence within society. What does this mean for the expectations of People in society? HINT: Think about Beauty Standards and ‘Role Models’ for Women and Girls.

A

The Cultural Convergence in society caused by the New Media has created different behaviours and expectations regarding Beauty Standards (especially for Women)!

Cultural Convergence can lead to unrealistic standards and ‘Role Models’ for Women and Girls; they can see distorted and Photo-shopped pictures online and believe that this this standard / the norm that they need to achieve, which can decrease their self-confidence!

20
Q

(GENDER) In terms of Li and Kirkup’s Study, what else did they find out about Female Students’ ability to use Computers and the Internet? HINT: Underestimate; TOOL rather than TOY!

A

They that Female Students underestimated their ability to use computers and the internet!

Women and Girls more frequently reported that they had difficulty performing information-searching tasks and that they were likely to get lost whilst searching the internet.

HOWEVER = Girls as well as their Male counterparts in in tests (evidence of Self-Doubt amongst Girls in the Education System)!

British Female Students were MORE LIKELY than Men to browse the internet for research and study.

Li and Kirkup’s research suggests that British Female Students still regard the internet more as a TOOL rather than as the TOY for personal fun than Men do!

21
Q

(GENDER) What does IAB stand for?

A

IAB = Internet Advertising Bureau!

22
Q

(GENDER) What did the IAB’s Research in 2014 suggest about Women, in regards to Playing Video Games?

A

Their 2014 Research suggests that Women now account for 52% (around 50% / around 1/2) of those who play Digital Games –> This has been exacerbated by the increased use and popularity of the smartphone, which has made games more accessible!

23
Q

(GENDER) What Mobile Games did the IAB Survey in 2-14 say were the most attractive to Women and Why?

A

The Survey found that mobile games, such as Angry Birds and Candy Crush Saga, were attractive to Women. T

This was because of 4 factors:

  • They are FREE
  • They are INTUITIVE
  • They are ACCESSIBLE
  • They DID NOT REQUIRE MUCH LEARNING TIME
24
Q

(GENDER) According to statistics from the Global Social Media Statistics, what percentage of Women are MORE LIKELY to use Social Media than Men?

A

20%

25
Q

(GENDER) Explain some of the trends amongst Men and Women, in regards to the 2011, 2012 and 2014 Ofcom Reports!
HINT: There are 6 bullet points here!

A
  • Fixed games consoles and tablet computers are MORE POPULAR amongst MALES
  • E-reading is MORE POPULAR amongst WOMEN
  • MEN spend 3 TIMES as much time as WOMEN watching online videos
  • There is a HIGHER TAKE-UP of SMARTPHONES amongst MALES
  • MORE FEMALES REPORTED ‘HIGH ADDICTION’ TO their MOBILE PHONES
  • Young WOMEN make MORE CALLS and they also SEND and RECEIVE MORE TEXTS
26
Q

(GENDER) Give 2 bullet points regarding what the 2015 Ofcom Report states about the use of the New Media between Men and Women! HINT: One bullet point is about Men and the other is about Women!

A

MEN = MORE LIKELY to ACCESS the INTERNET (23.3 hours (around 24 hours) per week for MEN, compared with 17.8 hours (around 18) for WOMEN).

WOMEN = MORE LIKELY to GO ONLINE to LOOK AT SOCIAL MEDIA (67% (around 70%) for WOMEN, compared with 60% for MEN)

27
Q

(GENDER) What does Olson Et Al state about Video Games and the ways that Boys and Girls use Video Games? HINT: Fantasies of power and coping with anger!

A

They found that BOYS were MORE LIKELY to play VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES, because they wanted to express fantasies of power, and they could also release their frustrations and anger!

They also found that a number of GIRLS were also beginning to use VIOLENT GAMES, as a way of COPING WITH ANGER!

28
Q

(GENDER) What do Hartmann and Klimmt say in regards to Women and Violent Video Games?

A

They found that Female Gamers generally DISLIKED VIOLENT VIDEO GAME CONTENT and they preferred SOCIAL INTERACTION ASPECTS of games.

29
Q

(GENDER) What does Royse Et Al state about Female Gamers and the time they spend playing Video Games? HINT: What were they motivated by?

A

They studied Female Gamers who played between 3 AND 10 HOURS A WEEK = They found Female Gamers to be mainly MOTIVATED BY the COMPETITION offered by games that allowed them to CHALLENGE GENDER NORMS.

30
Q

(GENDER) How can you link the use of the New Media, in terms of Gender, to Marxism? HINT: ISA, Homogeneous Media and Hegemony!

A

The Media is an ISA that preaches the bourgeois’ ideology and reinforces conformity and the following and acceptance of higher class ideals, as Althusser states.

Because media has become HOMOGENEOUS, people are being fed the same information even though it is from different platforms; people believe they have choice, but every media platform still includes and maintains the bourgeois ideology (HEGEMONY)!

31
Q

(GENDER) How can you link the use of the New Media, in terms of Gender, to the Postmodernist Theory? HINT: Fragmentation, Homogeneous, ‘Consumer Identities’ and Media Saturation!

A

Fragmentation due to the New Media has led to SOCIAL STRATIFICATION (in all areas but mainly gender too); there is a divide between how much people consume online and their ‘CONSUMER IDENTITIES’! = Baudrillard and Bauman!

People believe they have a lot of choice, but how much choice do they really have because media has become HOMOGENEOUS?

Digitalisation has led to TECHNOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE, and people can easily access information from their phones. This means that there is an increasing likelihood for individuals to become MEDIA SATURATED and lead to the increase in CONSUMERISM, and the emergence of HYPER-REALITY and SIMULACRA.

32
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) TRUE OR FALSE: Internet Use across Europe is around 20 HOURS a WEEK per person!

A

FALSE = Internet Use across Europe is around 4 HOURS a WEEK per person!

33
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) TRUE OR FALSE: In the UK, there is an AVERAGE OF 27 HOURS a WEEK SPENT watching TV!

A

TRUE!

34
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) How long do people in the UK spend (on average) using a PC or Laptop and Fixed Internet Connection every Week?

A

Around 8 Hours a Week!

35
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) In 2014, the Office of National Statistics stated that HOW MANY adults in Great Britain use the Internet daily?

A

Around 38 MILLION ADULTS!

36
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) In 2014, the Office of National Statistics stated that HOW MANY adults in Great Britain had NEVER USED the Internet?

A

Around 6.4 MILLION (7 MILLION) ADULTS!

37
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES ) In 2014, the Office of National Statistics stated that HOW MANY households in Great Britain DID NOT HAVE home Internet access?

A

Around 16% of HOUSEHOLDS!

38
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) TRUE OR FALSE: For more Developed countries, Internet usage rates are LOWER, due to the country’s ability to afford produce, and facilitate technology!

A

FALSE = For more Developed countries, Internet usage rates are HIGHER, due to the country’s ability to afford produce, and facilitate technology!

39
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) What aspects of the New Media are found in Developed Countries?

A

The interactive screen-based, digital technology enables Individualised TV viewing with a Choice, in Developed Countries, who have access to the New Media.

This allows people to have the Choice between:

  • Hundreds of channels
  • On demand scheduling: internet downloads of films, music onto smartphones
  • User generated media content via Twitter and Youtube
  • Interactive video/computer games using PlayStations and Xboxes
40
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) How does Cultural Convergence link to Location / Countries, in terms of using the New Media?

A

The New Media has changed the way we behave, encouraging habits, such as consumerism, music or even eating food, has been influenced by media.

This allows the exchange of ideas, values, and traditions, fostering cultural enrichment and personal growth –> IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION + PRESENCE OF NEW MEDIA = ‘ONLINE COMMUNITIES’!

41
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) How does Technological Convergence link to Location / Countries, in terms of using the New Media?

A

The New Media can be available all in one place, due to digitalisation; it’s more convenient and efficient and allows information to be delivered across a range of media platforms –> COMMUNICATION; LESS FEELINGS OF ISOLATION (Seen via COVID-19) + ‘ONLINE COMMUNITIES’!

42
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) What does Jones suggest about the patterns in Internet Access and Usage? HINT: Inequality and Wealth Disparity!

A

Jones suggests that patterns in Internet Access and Usage tend to REFLECT and AMPLIFY EXISTING INEQUALITIES; these inequalities being in relation to WEALTH DISPARITY in different locations! EG: NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE, BUT also ON a GLOBAL LEVEL!

43
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) Where are the Highest Populations of the Most Internet Usage Worldwide located? HINT: There are 5 places mentioned here!

A
  • North American countries = Around 88% (90%)
  • Central American countries - Around 53% (50%)
  • South American countries = Around 66% (70%)
  • European countries = Around 84% in West Europe (80%) and around 67% in East Europe (70%)
  • Eastern Asian countries = Around 57% (60%)
44
Q

(LOCATION / COUNTRIES) TRUE OR FALSE: In Africa, just over a HALF of the population have access to the Internet!

A

FALSE = In Africa, just over a QUARTER of the population have access to the Internet –> This shows that developed countries and nations still have a long way to go before they have complete Internet Access / have the Wealth and Resources available to them to produce New Media technology!