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Sociology - Family, Media and Theoretical Debates (AQA) > MEDIA - What Else Affects the Selection and Construction of the News? > Flashcards

MEDIA - What Else Affects the Selection and Construction of the News? Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ‘Circular Reporting’?

A

This is when one fake story is reported by a news outlet and other news companies and organisations use the same story, but then they are blamed for the error. However, because many organisations use the story, the story appears verified and valid, when it is actually misinformation!

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2
Q

What can ‘Circular Reporting’ lead to? Can you provide an Example?

A

Circular Reporting can create a moral panic!

EG: The MMR vaccine giving children autism; the scientist who said this was discredited, but people still believed it!

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3
Q

Name some features of Traditional Media! HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 4 features here!

A
  • Newspapers –> Limited technology’ static form of news and information
  • Scheduled media (could not be recorded or played back)
  • Passive audience = One accepted message from those in control
  • Local and non-varied culture = Lack of choice due to tight media control and regulations - Lack of globalisation
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4
Q

Name some features of New Media! HINT: Name as many as you can; there are 6 features here!

A
  • Technological convergence = Smartphones
  • On-demand media = Can be recorded and played back whenever
  • Active participatory audience and culture = Rapid news due to media saturation + 24/7 news
  • News providers can be held accountable by the audience –> The creation of citizen journalists!
  • Emergence of choice media has exacerbated the class divide = ‘More choice, poor choice’ + Candy-floss culture (Harvey)
  • Globalisation and the media = Spread of cultures and ideas
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5
Q

How does a ‘Static form of news’ affect what gets reported and what doesn’t?

A

Having a static form of news means that there is limited information and a lack of ability to take media and information on the go; this means that using the media to get information is time-consuming and a slow process

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6
Q

How does ‘the Speed of New Media’ affect what gets reported and what doesn’t?

A

‘Once the news is out there, it is harder to get back’ –> Fake news; as seen with circular reporting and the MMR vaccine!

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7
Q

Describe the Traditional and Modern differences regarding the Audience of Media!

A

TRADITIONAL AUDIENCE:

People did not really oppose the mainstream view that is presented by the media –> What people see is stemmed from those in control and power!

MODERN AUDIENCE:

Neophilicas would argued that audiences today have a voice (similar to Postmodernists) = However, Traditional Marxists like Miliband would say that they face the threat of people of being ‘thrown out of’, shut down and rejected from society –> EG: Julian Assange!

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8
Q

Explain the impact of ‘News Values’ in modern society regarding the selection and construction of the news!

A

News values are important in society, but now citizen journalists can choose what they want to write about and speak up against –> News values are still important, especially for larger organisations, but perhaps they are less relevant for smaller individuals!

BECKER –> ‘Fight for the underdogs’!

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9
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘The dominant ideology establishing what are reasonable and ‘common-sense’ views and explanations of the world’.

A

GMG (AKA, Hegemonic Marxism)!

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10
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Making a Profit’.

A

Pluralism!

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11
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Organisational pressure and time schedules’.

A

Pluralism!

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12
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Assumptions and ideology of journalists’.

A

GMG (AKA, Hegemonic Marxism)!

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13
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘New media and citizen journalism’.

A

Postmodernism!

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14
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Inaccurate and false reporting’.

A

Cultural Pessimists!

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15
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Hierarchy of credibility of journalists’.

A

Pluralists!

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16
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Sensationalism - exaggeration and over-dramatic reporting’.

A

Traditional Marxists!

17
Q

What ideology does this following statement, regarding the factors that contribute to the social construction of the news, match up with?

‘Need to attract readers and advertisers leading to a desire not to offend anyone’.

A

GMG (AKA, Hegemonic Marxists) and Pluralists!

18
Q

What is the definition of ‘Hierarchy of Credibility’?

A

Opinions of powerful people are more important than others –> ‘Experts’ AKA, members of the elite and academics = Therefore, the same voices and opinions get heard on the media as they seem correct, knowledgeable and supported!

19
Q

What is the definition of ‘Primary Definers’ and what Sociologist identified it?

A

Identified by Stuart Hall!

Powerful individuals influence journalist’s views –> EG: Murdoch = ‘We have to back Labour 200%’!

20
Q

What is the definition of ‘Churnalism’ and what Sociologist identified it?

A

Identified by Davies!

Pre-packaged news that is reported without verification!

This is dangerous and can created moral panics!

21
Q

Because of globalisation and new technology, people can access the new 24/7!

What is a consequence of this?

A

Media saturation!

22
Q

Because of globalisation and new technology, businesses now compete for profit!

What is a consequence of this?

A

News companies need to produce and use short and snappy headlines in order to gain attention from the mass of the people!

This can create a ‘candy-floss culture’, as seen with apps such as TikTok that use clickbait and over-exaggerated titles for views.

Everything has a cost and companies are buying your time; they want you to get ‘addicted’ to your phones and consume their media, so that they can make a profit –> Companies want the media they create to be easy, cheap and accessible, in order for their profits to increase!

23
Q

Because of globalisation and new technology, there is now media convergence!

What is a consequence of this?

A

More opportunities for people to get involved in media (active participatory culture) –> Citizen journalism!

24
Q

Because of globalisation and new technology, people can bypass mainstream news reporting.

What is a consequence of this + What sociologist does this link to?

A

Bivens (2008) = They say that citizens are able to criticise mainstream media; this means that the establishment are held to account, which can help to increase and improve democracy!

EG: Partygate and Arab Spring!

25
Q

Because of globalisation and new technology, there has been an increase in mainstream news coverage!

What is a consequence of this?

A

Citizen journalists can save big organisations time and money, as they do not need to send out their own reporters, which allows them to focus on other stories and make more money! This is cheaper and easier for them; more accessible too!

26
Q

What are ‘Spin Doctors’?

A

SPIN = Interpretation, the bias or slant put on information when it is presented to the public

DOCTORS = To mend, falsify and patch up things

‘Spin Doctors’ = People who advise political parties (MPs and the PM) on how to present their policies and actions / ‘selling their policies to the public!’

27
Q

Can you give an Example of a ‘Spin Doctor’? HINT: There are two examples here, but just give one!

A

Alastair Campbell for Tony Blair

Dominic Cummings for Boris Johnson

28
Q

Explain what Davies means when he says that journalists should be renamed ‘churnalists’!

A

Davies = He says that journalists should be renamed ‘churnalists’ because they are largely engaged in uncritically churning out ‘facts’ or stories that are given to them by government spin doctors.

Journalists produce news based on pre-packaged press-releases from government spin doctors / news agencies without doing their own independent research or fact checking –> This is an example of the mass production of the news and news stories!

29
Q

(DAVIES) What percentage of stories from the Times, the Guardian, the Independent, the Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph were wholly or partially constructed by second hand material?

A

Around 80%!

30
Q

Name 3 News Agencies and Outlets!

A
  • Reuters
  • PA Media Group
  • Associated Press (AP)
31
Q

What is the result of there being 3 News Agencies? HINT: Homogenised!

A

This creates a homogenised media and helps to reinforce a global singular culture –> A news culture in which news values are not important!

We think we have a choice in regards to the media, but we really do not!

Sociology - Family, Media and Theoretical Debates (AQA) (45 decks)

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