MEDIA - Regulation of the Media Flashcards

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1
Q

After the Press Complaints Commission (the PCC) was shut down after the Leveson Inquiry, what Regulatory Body now Regulated the Press in the UK?

A

IPSO!

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2
Q

What does IPSO stand for?

A

Independent Press Standards Organisation!

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The PCC and IPSO are / were both VOLUNTARY organisation!

A

TRUE! - They are / were set up by the newspaper industry itself to engage in self-regulation!

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4
Q

What Scandal that involved ‘News of the World’ led to the Leveson Inquiry?

A

There was a widely-reported scandal that journalists at ‘News of the World’ (which was owned by Murdoch) had been hacking the mobile phones of people connected to news stories, hoping to get an ‘inside scoop’!

Many of these people were celebrities, but it also included members of the public too and even a murder victim, Milly Dowler (journalists hacked her phone and tampered with the police’s investigation, because they thought that she had checked her own messages)!

The public outcry that this caused and the associated causes of corruption in the press led to a high-profile public inquiry!

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5
Q

After a long Inquiry, what proposals did the Leveson Inquiry put forward? HINT: There are 2 key proposals mentioned here!

A
  • Replacing the PCC with a new regulatory body
  • For the new body to be independent (not a state regulator) but to be backed up and supported by legislation

The intention was that the public would be confident that complaints would be taken seriously

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6
Q

What was the result of the Leveson Inquiry Recommendations? HINT: Arguments ensued;

A

The recommendations were followed by a bitter argument between politicians and newspaper editors about the criteria of the new regulatory body!

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7
Q

Why were Newspaper Editors Reluctant regarding the Recommendations? HINT: Due to legislation!

A

Newspaper Editors = Reluctant to have any sort of legislation underpinning the complaints procedure, for fear that future government might amend the legislation in order to interfere with the press.

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8
Q

Did David Cameron Agree or Disagree with the Editors?

A

He AGREED with them! He did not want legislation!

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9
Q

What did other Political Leaders want (such as Ed Miliband and Nick Clegg); did they Support or Oppose Cameron and the Journalists’ View that Legislation was not needed?

A

They opposed Cameron and the Journalists’ View that Legislation was not needed –> Clegg and Miliband wanted to implement Leveson in full (Including Legislation)!

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10
Q

Because Clegg and Cameron had different views, what did this cause in the government?

A

This caused as split in the government, as Nick Clegg as the Deputy PM at the time, during the Coalition Government!

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11
Q

What did the Politicians eventually reach? HINT: They agreed to disagree!

A

They reached a COMPROMISE! - They wanted the New Body to be established by Royal Charter, especially allowing for Regulation of the Regulator!

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12
Q

In regards to the New Body being established by the Royal Charter, how did most Newspaper Editors react to it? What did they do instead?

A

Most newspaper editors rejected this idea and they established IPSO in defiance of the government!

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13
Q

What did the Royal Charter establish and what did it do? HINT: PRP

A

They established the PRP, which has formally recognised an alternative regulatory body!

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14
Q

What types of Organisations are regulated by the Rival Organisation, Impress? What do other Newspapers do?

A

Only small publications and organisations are regulated by Impress!

Most newspapers are self-regulated by IPSO!

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15
Q

Why are so many people calling for ‘Leveson 2?

A

Leveson 2 = Because many campaigners argue that Leveson has not been implemented, they are calling for Leveson 2!

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16
Q

What are the 2 reasons as to why it is a good reason for the Press to reject State Regulation?

A
  • Freedom of the press is seen as one of the hallmarks of a democratic society –> Democracy!
  • The idea is that Journalists should be able to hold the powerful and influential to account, and therefore they should be free from government influence –> A separate body!
17
Q

In the events leading up to the Leveson Inquiry, what had the PCC failed to do and what does this show? HINT: Properly regulate the press!

A

The PCC had clearly failed to properly regulate press behaviour, and the public need to be able to have confidence in its successor!

This shows that the press themselves need to be held to account - Society cannot be the press vs the public = People in powerful need to be challenged on behalf of the public!

18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Broadcast Journalists are regulated SEPARATELY from the Press!

A

TRUE!

19
Q

What Organisation regulates Broadcast Journalists?

A

OFCOM - A government regulated!

20
Q

What Organisation also regulates the BBC?

A

The BBC Trust!

21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the UK, BROADCASTERS are held to THE SAME standard as the press!

A

FALSE - In the UK, BROADCASTERS are held to a DIFFERENT standard than the press!

Broadcasters (both commercial channels and the BBC) have to be BALANCED and UNBIASED –> These rules are stricter during election times, as there are strict rules regarding given all candidates and parties equal screen time!

22
Q

Are Newspapers free to be as Partisan as they like?

Can you provide examples?

A

Yes - Most newspapers are known to be supportive of a particular political party or side of the political spectrum!

EG: The Daily Mail supporting the Conservatives and the Daily Mirror supporting Labour!

23
Q

Give an Example of a Newspaper changing their Political Allegiance! EG: Links to Murdoch!

A

The Sun! = The Sun supported Labour during the Blair Era, after supporting Thatcher in the 80s

The Guardian = Usually supports Labour but has sometimes advocated for Liberal Democrat leader

24
Q

What are the 5 Arguments FOR State Regulation? HINT: Name as many as you can!

A
  • Press abuses, especially in the tabloids (Links to Leveson)
  • Intrusive paparazzi and invasions of privacy (especially for politicians and celebrities, such as George Michael)
  • Lack of accountability (‘protecting sources’)
  • OFCOM and the BBC Trust both work well and reflect public concerns, rather than censorship on behalf of the day
  • They are independent of the government, politically - Lack of bias!
25
Q

What are the 5 Arguments AGAINST State Regulation? HINT: Name as many as you can!

A
  • A free society needs a free press = Democracy
  • Journalists must feel free to challenge and expose the powerful, including government ministers (EG: PartyGate and Matt Hancock and the Cheating Scandal)!
  • Self-Regulation works –> EG: IPSO
  • Any state involvement in regulation is a ‘slippery slope’ that may lead to greater state control and censorship - May limit democracy
  • Politicians have indicated that the security services would like greater powers to prevent the press from publishing certain stories –> Especially about the Government!
26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Conservative-leaning papers will OFTEN support Conservative government and policies!

A

TRUE - This is the same with Labour!

27
Q

More often than not, it is not the Government that prevents Stories from being published. What Body is it then? HINT: Think about the Judiciary

A

The Courts - Some Individuals manage to get court orders ensuring that they cannot be named in articles in relation to certain controversies (especially celebrities)! = These are known as super-injunctions!

In an era of global media, such injunctions can seem ridiculous, as stories are often widely reported in other countries, whilst British newspaper editors are restricted –> Influence of Censorship!

28
Q

Give an Example of Direct Government interference in TV broadcasts that could be said to be on Political Grounds!

A

EG: A number of reports and documentaries relating to the Northern Irish ‘Troubles’ were either temporarily or permanently blocked!

There was a broadcast ban on members of paramilitary groups and Sinn Fein politicians, which meant that actors had to ‘re-voice’ their comments during broadcasts of interviews and speeches.

A Channel 4 late-night discussion programme called ‘After Dark’ invited the Sinn Fein leader (Gerry Adams) to appear. However, they withdrew the invitation, as other guests refused to appear; the regulator before Ofcom (the Independent Broadcasting Authority) said that it would have cancelled the programme!

29
Q

What Documentary did the IRA and the Government get wound up because and what is this Evidence of? HINT: ‘Death of the Rock’!

A

‘Death on the Rock’ - This was a documentary about the SAS shooting of 3 unarmed members of the IRA in Bibraltar!

This showed that the government anted more censorship of TV broadcasts!

30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Tabloid Newspapers were amongst the Loudest voices that said that ‘Death of the Rock’ should NOT have been broadcast!

A

TRUE! = This suggests that the belief in the Freedom of the Press does not, perhaps, extent to a belief in the Freedom of all Journalism!

31
Q

What is the Pluralist View regarding Regulation?

A

They believe that the decisions regarding what to and what not to broadcast should be practical rather than political - Based on profit and sensitivity rather than politically!

REMEMBER: They believe in and support the Democratic Mirror and the Market Model!

32
Q

What is the Marxist View regarding Regulation?

A

They believe that the Government may not want to regulate the Media, because it acts as an ISA than supports their views and preserves the status quo!