Med Surg-Quiz 6 Flashcards
foreign body that does not have the characteristics of “self” cell surface markers. Each body’s “self” surface markers are unique like a handprint. Mine is not the same as yours. They may look the same, but when examined more, each has a different line pattern or characteristic that makes it unique.
Antigen
histocompatibility markers to identify as “self.”
Human Leukocytic Antigens – (HLA’s)
What are the two basic types of immunity:
innate and acquired
the body’s first line of defense. Nonspecific responses to invaders. Same response every time. Lacks a memory. Gene specific.
Innate
- Skin
- Tears
- Ear wax
- Nasal hairs
- Stomach acids
- Vaginal secretions
- Acidic urine
Examples of Innate Immunity
has specificity and memory
Acquired Immunity
What are the 5 types of antibodies?
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
Initial immune response. Largest size. Activates the complement system. Responsible for blood type matching
IgM
Found in blood. Crosses the placenta to protect newborns by
passive immunity. Activates the complement system.
IgG
Innate Immunity: found in saliva, mucus membranes, tears, etc. Defends external body surfaces.
IgA
Antigen receptor. Found on B-lymphocytes.
IgD
Eliminates parasitic invaders. Releases histamine. Normal response until becomes excessive due to allergies and causes anaphylactic shock. (Link the “E” to the role of epi-pens)
IgE
What are the 4 purposes of Immunoglobulins?
- directly attack antigens
- activate the complement system
- release histamine
- stimulate hypersensitivity reaction
“Grave Muscular weakness” Impaired reception of the ACh (acetylcholine) molecule at the neuromuscular connection. This reception is needed to stimulate an action potential to create a muscle contraction.
Myasthenia Gravis
Signified by a facial rash (Butterfly rash)
Auto-Antibodies circulate and destroy multiple systems in the body. Different for each patient.
Systemic Lupus Erthyematosus
What are the Four Types of Tissue Transplantation?
- Allograft
- Isograft
- Autograft
- Xenograft
transfer between same species
allograft
transfer between identical twins
isograft
transfer from own body
autograft
transfer from one species to another
xenograft
Acquired by exchange of bodily fluids containing HIV. The infected fluid must gain access to the potential host’s bodily fluids. NOT acquired via casual contact. Body loses its innate ability to protect against disease.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Defined as “any microorganism that has the capability to cause disease.”
Many varieties as to how a pathogen works and where they originate
Pathogen
defined as “an environment in which organism can live and multiply, such as an animal, plant, soil, food, or other organic substance or combination of substances.”
Reservoir
“The place from which the parasite leaves the reservoir.” The front door of the “Motel 6.”
Examples: urine, feces, blood, secretions, exudates
Portal of Exit
touch the organism itself from person to person or touch something an infected person touched.
Direct or Indirect contact (mode of transmission)
tuberculosis, chicken pox, measles
Airborne – (mode of transmission)
coughs, sneezes. Droplet fall within 3 feet of source.
Droplet (mode of transmission)
transmitted through a common source like food, water, IV fluids
Vehicle (mode of transmission)
How the pathogen enters the new host. Examples: bites, ingestion, direct contact between open areas, inhalation
Portal of Entry
Highly contagious. Should be controllable with universal precautions. Pt will experience severe diarrhea.
Clostridium Difficile
Cannot invade through intact skin. Normally resides on skin. Invades when skin is broken.
Staphylococcus Aureus
Staph skin infections, including MRSA, generally start as small red bumps that resemble pimples, boils or spider bites. These can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses that require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria remain confined to the skin. But they can also penetrate into the body, causing potentially life-threatening infections in bones, joints, surgical wounds, the bloodstream, heart valves and lungs.
MRSA
A chronic bacterial infection of the lungs. Acquired by inhalation of a dried droplet nucleus that contains the bacteria. *Need to wear duck-bill mask.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
acute or chronic inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
Otherwise known as the flesh-eating bacteria! Affected body part will decay and die.
Streptococcal Necrotizing Fasciitis
transmitted by inhaling infected droplets or cross contamination from open sores.
Primary Varicella Zoster Virus (chicken pox)
“Shingles” - Herpes zoster (reactivation of VZV)
Secondary Varicella Zoster Virus
