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PTA 160- Med Surg > Med Surg-Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Med Surg-Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

critical reduction of oxygen supply to the cell due to a blood supply that is less than the minimum required for homeostasis.

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2
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

partial loss of oxygen circulation

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3
Q

What is anoxia?

A

complete loss of oxygen circulation

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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

“a reduction in cell and organ size.”

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5
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Defined as: “an increase in the size of the cell and organ. Can only occur in heart and striated muscles 2⁰ these cells cannot divide…Hypertrophy of the heart is associated with CHF. (Congestive Heart Failure)

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Defined as: “an increase in the number of cells leading to increased organ size.” Due to ability of cell division. Examples: thickening of the uterine lining, and skin calluses.

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7
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Defined as: “a change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another.”Example: adaptation of smokers. Lining of the trachea/bronchi changes from a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to striated squamous epithelium which makes it more difficult to have a productive cough. Stuff sticks to the trachea rather than being moved along by the cilia.

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8
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Defined as: an increase in cell numbers that is accompanied by altered cell morphology and loss of histologic organization. Found in areas that are chronically injured and responding to increased demands. (Example: what PAP smears are screening for…)Considered a pre-cancer condition.Example: chronic reflux irritates lining of esophagus or other tissues in the throat; leads to cell dysplasia which can convert to throat cancer!

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9
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Defined as: “the development of neoplasms.” Neoplasms are defined as: “a new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth. It serves no useful function, but grows at the expense of the healthy organisms.” (Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary)This is synonymous with cancer cells.Benign- do not metastasize, typically not life threatening.Malignant- cells are undifferentiated and nonfunctional. Tend to multiply quickly. Risk for metastasis.

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10
Q

What is the tissue healing process after injury?

A

Three phases of healing: inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. *Each phase has 3-4 stages within itself.

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11
Q

What is the process of inflammation?

A

4 Cardinal Signs
Heat (calor)Redness/Erythema (rubor)3. Swelling/Edema (tumor)4. Pain (dolor) #1 & 2 are primarily due to vasodilation and hyperemia #3 & 4 are primarily due to increased capillary permeability

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12
Q

What are chemical mediators?

A

substances that cause, or stimulate, the reactions needed to begin the process of inflammation

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13
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

attraction of cells, causing them to come together, as needed for tissue healing

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14
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles by a cell.

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15
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

WBC that performs initial chemotaxis and phagocytosis.

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16
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

a separate particle in the cell that acts as the cell’s digestive system.

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17
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

larger cell that performs phagocytosis once neutrophils are exhausted

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18
Q

What is transudate?

A

first form of edema. Contains very few cells or proteins. Mostly clear liquid.

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19
Q

What is exudate?

A

increased amount of protein and cell debris is present in the liquid, giving it a more viscous and cloudy appearance.

20
Q

What is serous exudate?

A

watery, clear yellow color due to small protein/WBC content

21
Q

What is sanguineous exudate?

A

thin, bloody, bright red

22
Q

What is serosanguineous exudate?

A

blood-tinged yellow or pink

23
Q

What is purulent exudate?

A

thick, cloudy pus. Lots of cellular debris

24
Q

What are tissues that regenerate well?

A

EpidermisLining of intestineBone marrowLiverBone tissue

25
Q

What are tissues that do not regenerate well?

A

CNS neuronsCardiac muscleTendonsLigamentsCartilage

26
Q

What is keloid scarring?

A

when too much collagen is produced, it builds up scar tissue that exceeds the boundaries of the initial injury. Idiopathic etiology. Common in darker skin tones, younger people, pregnant women, shoulder and neck regions, and s/p burns.

27
Q

What is a complete fracture?

A

the bone is severed into two or more separate pieces.

28
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

the bone is cracked, but still intact overall.

29
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

the bone protrudes through the skin; causes more soft tissue damage; increased risk of infection.

30
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

the skin remains intact and the fracture is contained within the body.

31
Q

What is a simple non displaced fracture?

A

a single break site that does not displace the bone ends.

32
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

multiple fractured areas resulting in bone fragments.

33
Q

What is a segmental fracture?

A

breaks in two or more lines creating one or more segments, or “sections”, of the original bone.

34
Q

What is butterfly fracture?

A

when an incomplete fracture creates a wedge-shaped fragment off the bone.

35
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

bone is crushed and collapses. Common in vertebral bodies.

36
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

one end of the bone gets shoved into the adjacent bone. “Telescoping.”

37
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

a comorbidity weakens the bone and it breaks spontaneously.

38
Q

What is aStress”, “Fatigue”, or “Insufficiency” fracture?

A

repetitive stress injury; bone is exposed to too much demand and gives way to fracture.

39
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

bone is displaced inward toward a structure; skull fractures.

40
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

fracture line is a clean line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

41
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

fracture line is a diagonal pattern across the long axis of the bone.

42
Q

What is a linear fracture?

A

fracture line is parallel to the long axis of the bone.

43
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

fracture line is curved around the long axis of the bone.

44
Q

What is an open reduction for fracture healing?

A

cuts into the skin, OPENS the tissue to get inside and insert rods/screws, etc.

45
Q

What is closed reduction for fraction healing?

A

casting, splinting, etc. Skin in fractured area remains intact

46
Q

What are fracture healing times for children,adolescents, and adults?

A

Children- 4-6 weeks
Adolescents- 6-8 weeks
Adults- 10-18 weeks

PTA 160- Med Surg (15 decks)

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